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Dankal

Dɛmisim tɔ'ɔŋir suoya la
Di yinɛ Wikipiidia
Dankal
taxon
Subclass ofuseful plant, annual plant, vegetable Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has usefodder, medicinal plant, vegetable Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Short nameI. batatas Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameIpomoea batatas Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankspecies Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonIpomoea Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon common namesweet potato Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has basionymConvolvulus batatas Dɛmisim gbɛlima
This taxon is source ofSaccharum Granorum, Dankal Dɛmisim gbɛlima
IUCN conservation statusDD Dɛmisim gbɛlima
NatureServe conservation statussecure Dɛmisim gbɛlima
External data available at URLhttps://www.gbif.org/dataset/31dc1507-a6e1-4233-a8df-c7a78596a7e4 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Hashtagsweet_potato Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Hardiness of plant9 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon author citationL. Lam. Dɛmisim gbɛlima
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=20142 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🍠 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Dankal (Ipomoea batatas) anɛ di nyɛ'ɛda buudi kanɛ ka bɛ dicotyledonous tiig pɛɛs bɛgin vɛɛnim tiis buudi la ni na, Convolvulaceae. Di bi'ela, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous rootsmɔri maan nya'a diib (root vegetable).[1][2] Di anɛ di kanɛ an staple food ka nidib nɔŋi li pamm dunia ni. Banɛ tטmi li tטטma la (Cultivars of the sweet potato) zamis ban na niŋi ka sua li ka li kpɛm mɔr niŋgbiŋ paalig nɛ sin'imnam bɛdigט. Dinɛ pɛɛs ya'as anɛ ye ba van paala banɛ nan yit paalim la mɔri did. Dankal nɛ pi'esa la dɔlim anɛ Solanales, dinɛ ke ka ba an buudi kanɛ laa nɛ taaba. Dankal sabila banɛ bɛ North America ba buoni ba nɛ ye "busa", ba nwɛnim nɛ busa mɛŋ-mɛŋ lal nɛ taaba dinɛ an monocots bɛ Dioscoreales dɔlisטg la.[3]

Dankal pin'il yinɛ tropical regions bɛ South America ka nananna di yט'טm bɛ Ecuador.[4][5]

Pa,alʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Bʋnbʋtir nwa’ anɛ vaand bʋgʋs nɛ ka li vuud tɛŋin bɛɛ li ya’a kpi’e bʋnwɔk si’a li na tɔ’ɔe gban’ae li dʋ ka nyaŋidi bɛi tʋʋgid yʋʋm pʋʋgin, ka li vaand si’eba yadigi pʋdiga atan’ bɛɛ an lammiri ka ba puum la tɔ’ɔŋ nɛ til la. Til la vuud nɛ tɛŋin ka maan nya’abaanlig dutanam la ni. vaand la tɔ’ɔŋ nɛ til la. Daʋg kakɛ zanl vaang la wa’alim anɛ wan wʋʋ 13 paae 51 centimetres (5 to 20 inches). Vaand la kpikpɛmis labisim pʋ zɛnmiya, 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in), li anɛ wan wʋʋ sʋsʋnf, siyanini bɛɛ gɛl nɛ, ka an gbilig bɛɛ lammirɛ bɛɛ lin on mɔr labisim atan’, li kpikpɛmis la tɔ’ɔn an mummi, bʋ’asibʋ’as bɛɛ li pʋdipʋda abʋtan’ bɛɛ li tɔ’ɔn pʋdi paae abʋyɔpɔi. Vaand la nindaa anɛ saalig, ka ka’a gbiribirɛ, ka li naarin la an gbilig bɛɛ pʋlʋm. Vaand la taa anɛ dɛn’ɛm, amaa ka bʋnsi’a ɛɛti kɛ ka li kilim dɔnbʋʋlim. Til la wa’alim bɛn tɔn’ɔn aen yi 0.5 kɛŋ paae 4 metres (1+1⁄2 nɛ 13 feet). Ba buud si’eba busid til duta la ni ka li wa’alim paad 16 m (52 ft). Amaa, bama pʋ mɔr nyɛ’ɛlim.

Li mɔr zin’ig kanɛ ka daʋlim nɛ pʋ’alim la’asi bɛ la, nɛ tilbil kanɛ zanl puum kanɛ pʋdig anu la, kɛ ka li zi’enɛ agɔl sappi. Li paan puum nɛ daar kanɛ ka nintaŋ pʋ wa’ama. Pak kanɛ lus puum la anɛ bi’ela ka wa’am, ka pʋlʋm ka an (wan wʋʋ ayɔpɔi bɛn) 10 to 15 millimetres (3⁄8 to 5⁄8 in) wa’alim pʋʋgin, ka mɔr zuob baanlig. Atan’ banɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la wa’am bi’ela. Biili maani yit nɛ ayi ya’a bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka la’as taaba pʋʋm saŋa.[6]

Ba puum la lakid ka winig nyaan yit na ka bɛ ala paad hour nam bi’ela. Bɛugʋn ya’as ka ba yʋbin ka yʋ’ʋn pin’ili pʋoe lu tɛŋin. Nya’a kanɛ ka diib bɛ la wa’am nɛ ka an fuoŋ, ka an saalig ka li kala nam bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka si’eba an dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, wiig, brown, purple, bɛɛ beige. Li bʋʋlim la kala si’eba anɛ beige, pi’elig, wiig, pink, violet, dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, bɛɛ purple. Dankal si’eba banɛ ka ba nyɛ’ɛlim bʋʋlim la an pi’elig bɛɛ waans dɔnbʋʋlim la pʋ malis ka mɔr kuom wan wʋʋ banɛ an wiig, pink bɛɛ orange la.[7]

Buudi

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dankal yinɛ South America zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon zina ye Ecuador la.[8][9] Zin’ig kanɛ ka ba ti’ak dankal buudi ka li li’eb saalibi bɔɔd ye li an si’em da pin’il nɛ Central bɛɛ South America.[10] Central America tɛŋin, ban dankal banɛ ka ba da gɔsi ba yela da bɛ anina ka li tʋʋg yʋʋm tusanu (5,000) banɛ gaad la,[11] ban da nyɛ I. batatas ka li bɛ Yucatán Peninsula linɛ bɛ Mexico la nɛ kɔlig kanɛ ka ba buon Orinoco River ka li bɛ Venezuela la tɛnsʋk la.[12] Daasi’erɛ tɛŋin la nidibi da tɔlisi li ka li paae Caribbean dim nɛ South America 2500 BCE.[13]

I. trifida, anɛ mɔɔg linɛ bɛ mɔɔgin ka wan dankal hali, lin da yi si’em na li buudi nam ayiŋa banɛ ka’ yinnɛ da la’as taaba ka li nyaŋi kilim dankal buudi.[14] Ba vɛɛn ya gɔs ka ye dankal kanɛ ka ti mi’ zina la, ba da nyɛ linɛ bɛ tampilɛma ni bɛ Chilca Canyon, linɛ bɛ south-central zone Peru tɛŋin, ka li pa’al ye li yuugi paae 8080 ± 170 BC.[15][16]

Buudi la’asig

Dankal li mɔr bʋn si’a li ni anɛ li DNA ka li yinɛ Agrobacterium, sensu lato; lin wanni Rhizobium rhizogenes buudi), ka ba da nyɛ ka bʋnbʋtir la an ala.[17] Li buudi la ba da vɛɛns ya ka li pʋ dɔl nɛ banɛ bɛ mɔɔgin la.[17] Vɛɛnsig pa’al ye dankal buudi nam ti’as nɛ ala hali yʋma tusir pʋʋginme, ka li kɛ ka li yʋ’ʋn nyaŋi an sʋ’ʋŋa.[17] Nwa’ pa’al ye dankal li da an yiiga bʋnbʋtir kanɛ ka ba da nyɛ ka li la’as nɛ buud si’eba.[17][18][19][20][21][22]

Kuob yɛla

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Lin dɔl si’em tiik zin’ig labakuda

Europeans dimi da nan pʋ kɛn Americas tɛŋin la, dankal da bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin, ka ba kʋ’ʋt nɛ vaandi sɛɛd ka ka’a biilifɔ.[23] Dankal da bɛ Cook Islands nɛ 1210–1400 CE.[24] Ba vɛɛns nɛ ka ye da’asi’erɛ Polynesia dim da ansig nɛ vaand la mɔri kɛn Polynesia tɛŋin na, banɛ da kɛn South America ka lɛbid la, anina ka li widigi yi Polynesia paae Easter Island, Hawaii nɛ New Zealand.[25][26] Ba vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka Polynesian nidibi kuod dankal si’a la nɛ American dim ninkʋka din la wan bi’ela wʋʋ Zenú, bama anɛ nimbanɛ bɛ Colombia tɛŋin zina, ka li pa’al ye Polynesia dim tɔ’ɔn da kɛŋ South America ka paam dankal anina yi Europe dim la nu’usin.[27] Dutch buudi nid nɛ onɛ mi’ Amerindian buudi pian’ad, Willem Adelaar nɛ Pieter Muysken ye dankal yʋ’ʋr la yinɛ Polynesian nɛ South America buudi pian’ad ni na: Proto-Polynesian *kumala[28] (compare Rapa Nui kumara, Hawaiian ʻuala, Māori kūmara) tɔ’ɔn an yinnɛ nɛ Quechua bɛɛ Aymara k'umar ~ k'umara. Adelaar nɛ Muysken da nyɛ ka yʋ’ʋr la pa’al ye Central Andes dim nɛ Polynesia dim tɔ’ɔn da si’al taaba zin’ig si’a.[29]

Vɛɛnsidib yinɛ ye dankal tɔ’ɔn da dɛŋi bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin yʋma tusa ka ninsaalib nyaan kɛŋ zin’in anina.[30][31] Amaa, banɛ zamis gbana ka yina pian’a la tita’am dɔl nɛ nidibi da si’al taaba ka li yadig.[32][33]

Dankal da paae Europe dɔl nɛ nidibi da ti’as taaba la’ad saŋsi’a la, fʋ ya’a gɔs gbaŋ kanɛ ka Elinor Fettiplace sɔb ka pʋd Receipt Book la ni, linɛ ka ba da sɔbi li na’asaalin  England tɛŋin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi la ni (1604).[34][35]

Dankal da paae Philippines dim tɛŋin nɛ Spanish colonial period (1521–1898) yi Manila galleons, nɛ dunia bʋnbʋta si’eba.[36] Li da paae Fujian banɛ bɛ China la nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ piswai nɛ anaasi ni (1594) saŋa yi Luzon, ba bʋnbʋtta da san’am la zug. Dankal kuob da nyɛ kpɛmisigi yi onɛ da an Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng) san’an.[37]

Dankal da paae Ryukyu Kingdom, zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon Okinawa, ka li bɛ Japan zina la, yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisyuobʋ saŋa (1600s) da yinɛ Portuguese ni na.[38][39][40] Dankal da kilim diibi tis Japan dim bɔzugɔ lini da sʋŋid ka kɔ’ɔm kae, ba ya’a da ku’a mui ka li pʋ maalɛ.[40][41] Aoki Konyō da sʋŋi kkɛ ka dankal yadig Japan tɛŋin, ka Tokugawa bakufu mɛ da sʋŋ, sɔb gbana, ka mɛ da tɔlis o vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka o da vɛɛns Japanese buudi pian’ad ni dankal yel la tis nidib ka li kɛ ka ba ku’a li bɛdigʋ.[42] Ba da sɛɛd dankal nɛ Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune lɔmbɔn’ɔg ni.[43] Li da paae Korea nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764).[44] Kang P'il-ri nɛ Yi Kwang-ryŏ da gban’a gba’ar ye ba tʋm dankal tʋʋma bɛ Seoul yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayuobʋ ni (1766), mɔr nɛ ya’am kanɛ ka ba da zamisi yi Japanese dim ni yi Tongnae da pin’il yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764). Nwa’ da tʋm ya paae yʋʋm bɛn ka lɛb nya’aŋ ʋʋn saŋa yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1767) onɛ yʋ’ʋri buon Kang kum nya’aŋ la.[45]

Yʋda

Baa la’anɛ lin pʋ kpi’em la, ba buon dankal si’eba nɛ "busa" bɛ North America zin’ig si’eba, dankal bɛɛ li kɔn’ nɛ busa mɛŋir (Dioscorea), linɛ yadigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔs,[46] ka paas nɛ monocot mɔɔd buudi Dioscoreaceae ni. Mɔɔg yinnɛ mɛn, ka ba buon oca (Oxalis tuberosa, ka li vaand mɛ labis), ka ba buon ye "busa" dunia zin’ig si’eba ni.[47]

Baa dankal nɛ potato pʋ kpin la, ba yʋ’ʋr la nwan bi’ela. Europe nidib banɛ da lɛm dankal yiiga da anɛ  banɛ da paas Christopher Columbus ka ba tu suori bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnaasi nɛ piswai nɛ ayi ni (1492). Lin nya’aŋ ka vɛɛnsidib nyɛ ka nidib kuodi li ka lɛɛ pʋdi li ba buudi yʋda, amaa yʋ’ʋr kanɛ da yʋʋg anɛ Taíno kudumin dimi da pʋd ye batata la. Spanish dim da la’as nwa’ nɛ Quechua dim yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba da pʋd dankal, ye papa, ani ka ba da buon dankal ye patata.[48]

Baa Hebrew dimi mɛ buon dankal ye batata (בטטה‎) ba buudi pian’adin la, li ka’a ye ba wʋm nɛ yi Taíno dim buolig nii. Amaa, Spanish dimi buon patata la ka ba da ti’aki li lɛbis Arabic ka buon ye batata (بطاطا‎), bɔzugɔ, ba pʋ mɔr sɔb bil  /p/ ka li bɛ Arabic nii, lin ka ba da buon dankal ye batata ḥilwa (بطاطا حلوة‎); ka li pʋn anɛ ('dankal'). Arabic dimi buon batata la Hebrew dim da zamisi li ka buon ka li anɛ dankal ma’a yʋ’ʋr, bɔzugɔ Hebrew dim da mɔr yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba pʋn tis potato sa ye, תפוח אדמה‎ (tapuakh adama, ka li gbin an 'dunia apple'; ka French pian’ad ni an pomme de terre).

Luga si’eba nɛ vɛɛnvɛɛnsidib si’eba bɔɔd ye ba sɔm yʋ’ʋr la la’as mumi li na’asaalin la ye—sweetpotato—ka ka’a ba pʋdigi li ayiŋa, ka li nyaŋi pa’al ye li bɛ li kɔn’ nɛ potatoes nɛ busa ka li mɛ kɛ ka nidib da nɔki li maal ye potato.[49][50][51] Ban buoni li si’em America na’asaalin zina, ba la’asid yʋ’ʋr la nɛ sɔbid mummi.[52]

Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, nɛ Dominican Republic tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye batata. Brazil tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye batata doce. Mexico tɛŋin, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central America, nɛ Philippines tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye camote (ka si’eba sɔbidi li kamote bɛ Philippines pian’adin), ba nyɛ yʋ’ʋr nwa’ yinɛ Nahuatl buudi pian’ak camotli.[53][54] Peru nɛ Bolivia, ban buoni li si’em anɛ apichu, amaa ba bɛ buudi buudi ka si’eba an khumara, kumar (Ayacucho Quechua), nɛ kumara (Bolivian Quechua),[55] li wan nɛ Polynesian dimi buon ye kumara nɛ yʋ’ʋr banɛ paas (kumala, umala, ʻuala, etc.)[56], linɛ kɛ ka vɛɛnsidib ye li yinɛ pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact ni. [57]Vɛɛnsig nwa’ mɛ nyɛ paŋi yinɛ ban vɛɛnsi gɔs mɔɔg la tuŋ ka li an ala.[58]

Australia tɛŋin, ban kuod dankal si’a anɛ abija 'Beauregard',[59] linɛ da yi nɛ[60][61] Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station ni yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinnɛ ni (1981).[62]

New Zealand tɛŋin, Māori buudi da nyɛ’ɛd fʋomafʋoma ka ba pa’ad nɛ bʋʋlim la an pi’elig,[63] linɛ ka ba gɔs ka ye li yinɛ European dim banɛ da tuud suor la ni na.[64] Ba buon ye kumara (yit nɛ Māori pian’ad ni, kūmara), ban kuod sɔ’ saŋa nwa anɛ bʋnzi’an la 'Owairaka', amaa, ba mɛ kuod orange ('Beauregard'), gold, purple nɛ si’eba.[65][66]

Pa,alʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
The flowers, buds, and leaves of the sweet potato, which resemble those of the morning glory
Seeds


Zin’ig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Mɔɔg la pʋ bɔɔd zin’ig kanɛ ma’ad paa nɛ. Li nɔbigid sʋŋa zin’ig banɛ ka tʋʋlig zɛnmis wʋʋ 24 °C (75 °F), ka nintaŋ mɛ bɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ yʋ’ʋŋyʋ’ʋŋ. Ka yʋʋm wʋsa saa makir bɛn an wʋʋ 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) zin’ig ban ka li bɔɔd, ka li nɔbigir saŋa la mɛ an wan wʋʋ 500 mm (20 in). Bʋnbʋtir la pʋ bɔɔd kuonɔŋɔ, li ya’a pin’in nyɛ’ɛb la, wan wʋʋ dabpisnu paae dabpisyuobʋ saŋa (50–60 days) ka sɛɛb nya’aŋ, li mɛ pʋ lɛn bɔɔd kuom alasaa, li ya’a ka’a ala nyɛ’ɛlim la na pʋn’ɔe ka san’am nya’a la pɛbisim kae la zug.[67]

Li bɛnɛ zin’ig la an si’em nɛ lin an dankal si’a, mɔɔd banɛ maan diib nya’a ni maani ba diib lin yi nwadis ayi paae awai ni. fʋ ya’a gɔsi ba titua ka ba nyaŋi maal tɔ’ɔ li na nyaŋi zi’en zin’ig banɛ ka tɛŋ la tul, ka ba si’eba an Eastern United States nɛ China. Dankal pʋ maan puum winnig ya’a yi hali tʋʋg hour piinɛyinnɛ, wan wʋʋ tʋʋlig la bɛ si’em zin’is si’eba la. Ba digini ba bʋnbuuda nɛ til, bɛɛ nya’a bɛɛ o daʋg linɛ na ti bus vaand. Bi’elim la ka ba lɛɛ mɔri bud ka li bʋnpaala yit nas.[68]

Ba nɔbigid sʋŋa ba ya’a nyɛt bʋnsi’eba ka mɛ mɔr dataas; ba pʋ bɔɔd tiim kanɛ puusidi kʋʋd mɔɔd la. Dankal bɔɔd tɛŋ sʋŋ zin’igin, zin’ig kanɛ ka kuom pʋ diginida, ka nintaŋ bɛ- ka tɛŋ la ka’a kuga wala ka li zɛɛnsim an wan wʋʋ 4.5–7.0 mɔɔg la bɔɔd tɛŋ si’a la.[69] Fʋ tɔn’ɔ sɛɛ li tɛnkanɛ ka kʋ’ʋlʋm kae ka mɛ niŋ bugulum bi’ela. amaa, dankal pʋ bɔɔd zɛɛnsim si’ebaa ka linɛ ka ba buon aluminium toxicity la ka na kpi bakwai ayuobʋ yela ka sɛɛb nya’aŋ fʋ ya’a pʋ gɛndig linɛ buon lime la sɛ zin’ig ban buudi nii.[69] Ban sɛɛ di ba ka ka’a linɛ bʋd la, dankal sɛɛb pʋ tɔi ya. Vaand la ya’a ti bus, li bɔɔd kuob bi’ela. Tiim kanɛ ka ba mɔri puusidi yisid mɔɔd banɛ paas dankal  pʋʋgin anɛ DCPA, ka ba mɛ lɛn buon ye Dacthal. Tɛŋ banɛ ni ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, fʋ tɔn’ɔ bas nyɛ’ɛlim la tɛŋin la ka tuud bi’elbi’el dʋgʋd bɛɛ kuosid. Tʋʋlig zin’is la ni, ba bʋd dankal nɛ pɔtitada ni ka tuud ka ma’asig saŋa nyaan paad.

Ba kuod dankal ma’asig nɛ tʋʋlig saŋa wʋsa kuom ya’a bɛ ka ba na nyaŋi vue.[70] Dankal da yi paalʋ na an diib bʋn bɛnɛ Pacific Ocean, South India, Uganda nɛ Africa tɛŋ si’eba ni.[71]

Dankal buudi yinnɛ kanɛ ka ba buon boniato ka Caribbean dim kuod; li bʋʋlim la wan wʋʋ cream-color an si’em, lin pʋ wanna abija bɛɛ banɛ kpɛlim ka ba kuod la. Boniatos pʋ malis ka mɔr kuom wan wʋʋ dankal si’ebaa, amaa ba malisim la bɛɛ li kɔn’ nɛ onɛ mɔr orange color la.

Sweet potato production – 2020
Country Production

(millions of tonnes)

China 48.9
Malawi 6.9
Tanzania 4.4
Angola 1.7
Ethiopia 1.6
World 89.5
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[72]

Dankal paas saalib banɛ bɛ U.S. diib pʋʋgin bɛ ba kudumin dim yela ni, li kaskas anɛ li yadagɔbʋg-nya’aŋ. Ban did dankal si’em bɛ United States anɛ wan wʋʋ 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb) yʋʋm pʋʋgin, kɛŋ paae 13 kg (29 lb) yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisi ni (1920). "Dankal banɛ an dɔnbuulum buudi la (dankal kanɛ zuoe bɛ US) da nyɛ nidib siakir bɛdigʋ gaad banɛ an yellow bɛɛ purple nam la."[73] nidib da pʋ nɔŋ Purple nɛ yellow dankalnam wan wʋʋ ban nɔŋ orange dankal si’em la "daasi’erɛ nidib la miilim nɛ orange color ka dankal la color mɛ an ala."[73]

Fʋ ya’a kɛŋ yadagɔbʋg-ya’nya’aŋ U.S., ba da yisid ku'om la nɛ ka basidi li ka li nyaŋi digini yuug, ka malisim paas, ka maal ningbina sʋŋa, ka bas ka zin’ig banɛ ki’a tuub saŋa la da kɛ ka li san’am.[74] Fun na niŋ si’em sʋ’a nɛ’ɛ tituaa anɛ fʋn na dɛlig linɛ ka fʋ tu paalim la tɛŋin hour ayi bɛɛ atan’ ka su’a li zin’ig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an 29–32 °C (85–90 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ lin yi da ba nu paae piinɛnaasi. Dankal banɛ ka ba sʋ’a sʋ’ʋŋa na nyaŋi bɛ paae nwadis piinɛ atan’ fʋ ya’a sʋ’a li zin’ig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an wan wʋʋ 13–15 °C (55–59 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ. waad san’amid nyɛ’ɛlim la nɛ.[75][76]

kuob

Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi ni (2020), dunia wʋsa dankal kuob da anɛ  89 million tonnes, ka tɛŋ kanɛ da kua gaad o taaba an China da mɔr nɛ pisnu nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (55%) dankal kanɛ bɛ dunia wʋsa. Banɛ da dɔl nya’aŋ  da anɛ Malawi, Tanzania, nɛ Nigeria.[72] Li anɛ di kanɛ paasa anu ni ka tɛnbanɛ nan nɔbigid la kuod.[77] Ba maan vɛɛnsig ye ba yina nɛ dankal banɛ na nyaŋi nyɛ’ɛ yaarim zin’ig ban na niŋ si’em ka saa nɛ nintaŋ da san’ami baa.[77][78]

Ban’as

Dankal ban’as anɛ Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus).[79] Li ya’a la’as nɛ ban’as si’ebanam, Untiveros et al., 2007 da vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka SPCSV maligim mɔr paŋ hali san’amidi ba.[79] I. batatas namisid nɛ Phytophthoras ban’as ka ba si’eba an P. carotovorum, P. odoriferum, nɛ P. wasabiae.[80]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Biim

Sweet potato, cooked, baked in skin, without salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 378 kJ (90 kcal)
Carbohydrates 20.7 g
Starch 7.05 g
Sugars 6.5 g
Dietary fiber 3.3 g
Fat 0.15 g
Protein 2.0 g
show

Vitamins and minerals

Other constituents Quantity
Water 75.8 g
"Sweet potato". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[81] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[82]
Raw sweet potato
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 359 kJ (86 kcal)
Carbohydrates 20.1 g
Starch 12.7 g
Sugars 4.2 g
Dietary fiber 3 g
Fat 0.1 g
Protein 1.6 g
show

Vitamins and minerals

Other constituents Quantity
Water 77.3 g
"Sweet potato, raw". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[81] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[82]

Dankal kanɛ ka ba dug (ka ba sɛn’ɛ) mɔr kuom 76%, 21% carbohydrates, 2% protein, nɛ kpaam finn).  Fʋ ya’a nɔk 100 gram, dankal sɛn’ɛda tisid 90 calories, ka mɔr (20% bɛɛ li gaad ala, Daily Value, DV) mɔr vitamin A (120% DV), vitamin C (24% DV), manganese (24% DV), nɛ vitamin B6 (20% DV). Ka la’abama mɛ bɛ bi’ela (10–19% DV) an B vitamins nɛ potassium. Sikir kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la wʋʋ pisnu paae piswai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (50% and 90% ) an sikir kanɛ ka ba buon sucrose.[83] Maltose pʋ zuoe li pʋʋginɛ, amaa fʋ ya’a tʋligi li bugum ni, li na kɛ ka maltose kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la nɔbig an wʋʋ piiga paae pisi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10% nɛ 20% tɛnsʋk).[83]

Dankal buudi banɛ ka ba bʋʋlim la color an sabilig bi’ela la mɔr beta-carotene (nwa’ ti’akid nɛ kilimid vitamin A, fʋ ya’a dii li) gaad banɛ mɔr bʋʋlim la ka li pɛlig, ka ba kpɛmisid Africa dim ye ba ku’a bɔzugɔ anina ka vitamin A an yela ka li an ban’asi tis nidib. [84]Dankal vaand la anɛ diib bʋn ka fʋ na nyaŋi dʋgi li wan wʋʋ zɛnma’asa nɛ.[84]

makir ne disi'eba

Tebul kanɛ bɛ tɛŋir la pa’al nɛ dankal nɛ di si’eba ka ba diti ba si’em[G] ba ya’a an kpi’emis, ban nyaŋi baŋ kuom kanɛ bɛ diib woo pʋʋgin la zug. Baa Dankal pʋ tisid paŋ wala sa bɛɛ maan ningbina wala sa fʋ ya’a nɔki ba mak nɛ bi’elim diib tɛbisim pʋʋgin, li maan ningbina gat bi’elim diib.[85]

Vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization vɛɛns la pa’al ye dankal anɛ dikanɛ ka fʋ na nyaŋi sɛ’ fʋ pɔɔgin, ka li nyɛ’ɛd wan wʋʋ 70,000 kcal hectare pʋʋgin (28,000/acre) / day.[86]

Ningbina diib kanɛ bɛ diibnam zin’is piiga ba kuom la ya’a yi[87]
Staple Kawɛnna (corn)[A] mui, white[B] Wheat[C] Potatoes[D] Cassava[E] bɛŋa, green[F] Dankal[G] Busa[Y] Sorghum[H] Plantain[Z] RDA
Kuom (%) 10 12 13 79 60 68 77 70 9 65
Raw grams per 100 g dry weight 111 114 115 476 250 313 435 333 110 286
Nutrient
Paŋ (kJ) 1698 1736 1574 1533 1675 1922 1565 1647 1559 1460 8,368–10,460
Protein (g) 10.4 8.1 14.5 9.5 3.5 40.6 7.0 5.0 12.4 3.7 50
Fat (g) 5.3 0.8 1.8 0.4 0.7 21.6 0.2 0.6 3.6 1.1 44–77
Carbohydrates (g) 82 91 82 81 95 34 87 93 82 91 130
Fiber (g) 8.1 1.5 14.0 10.5 4.5 13.1 13.0 13.7 6.9 6.6 30
Sikir (g) 0.7 0.1 0.5 3.7 4.3 0.0 18.2 1.7 0.0 42.9 minimal
Minerals [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA
Calcium (mg) 8 32 33 57 40 616 130 57 31 9 1,000
Iron (mg) 3.01 0.91 3.67 3.71 0.68 11.09 2.65 1.80 4.84 1.71 8
Magnesium (mg) 141 28 145 110 53 203 109 70 0 106 400
Phosphorus (mg) 233 131 331 271 68 606 204 183 315 97 700
Potassium (mg) 319 131 417 2005 678 1938 1465 2720 385 1426 4700
Sodium (mg) 39 6 2 29 35 47 239 30 7 11 1,500
Zinc (mg) 2.46 1.24 3.05 1.38 0.85 3.09 1.30 0.80 0.00 0.40 11
Copper (mg) 0.34 0.25 0.49 0.52 0.25 0.41 0.65 0.60 - 0.23 0.9
Manganese (mg) 0.54 1.24 4.59 0.71 0.95 1.72 1.13 1.33 - - 2.3
Selenium (μg) 17.2 17.2 81.3 1.4 1.8 4.7 2.6 2.3 0.0 4.3 55
Vitamins [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA
Vitamin C (mg) 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.8 51.5 90.6 10.4 57.0 0.0 52.6 90
Thiamin (B1) (mg) 0.43 0.08 0.34 0.38 0.23 1.38 0.35 0.37 0.26 0.14 1.2
Riboflavin (B2) (mg) 0.22 0.06 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.56 0.26 0.10 0.15 0.14 1.3
Niacin (B3) (mg) 4.03 1.82 6.28 5.00 2.13 5.16 2.43 1.83 3.22 1.97 16
Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) 0.47 1.15 1.09 1.43 0.28 0.47 3.48 1.03 - 0.74 5
Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.69 0.18 0.34 1.43 0.23 0.22 0.91 0.97 - 0.86 1.3
Folate Total (B9) (μg) 21 9 44 76 68 516 48 77 0 63 400
Vitamin A (IU) 238 0 10 10 33 563 4178 460 0 3220 5000
Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg) 0.54 0.13 1.16 0.05 0.48 0.00 1.13 1.30 0.00 0.40 15
Vitamin K1 (μg) 0.3 0.1 2.2 9.0 4.8 0.0 7.8 8.7 0.0 2.0 120
Beta-carotene (μg) 108 0 6 5 20 0 36996 277 0 1306 10500
Lutein+zeaxanthin (μg) 1506 0 253 38 0 0 0 0 0 86 6000
Fats [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA
Saturated fatty acids (g) 0.74 0.20 0.30 0.14 0.18 2.47 0.09 0.13 0.51 0.40 minimal
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) 1.39 0.24 0.23 0.00 0.20 4.00 0.00 0.03 1.09 0.09 22–55
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) 2.40 0.20 0.72 0.19 0.13 10.00 0.04 0.27 1.51 0.20 13–19
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA

AKawɛnkansa banɛ an dɔnbuulum

B Mui kansa banɛ wa'am ka an piela

C Ki zin'a kanɛ kpi'em tuulug saŋa

D Dankal kansa banɛ mɔr buulum nɛ gbaŋ

E Banki kansa

F Maagi banɛ an dɛn'ɛn la kansa

G Dankal kansa

H Bɛlikɔ kansa

Y Buskansa

ZBoodie kansa

Diib dʋgʋb

Dankal la nyɛ’ɛlim an bʋnlinɛ pak bʋnbʋtir nwa’ ni. zin’ig banɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, nyɛ’ɛlim la anɛ diibi tis buud si’eba. Ba dʋgʋd nyɛ’ɛlim la ka nyaan dit lin na niŋ si’em ka li maal ningbiŋ diib sʋ’ʋŋa ka buoe ningbiŋ la ni, amaa America nidib banɛ da mugusidi ba taaba bɛ yadagɔbʋg-yatuona da ɔnbid dankal kansa ka li an ba diib.[88]

Li vaand la nɛ li vanpɔla la anɛ zɛɛnd kanɛ malis hali. Fʋ tɔ’ɔe nɔki ba vankʋda la tis bʋnkɔnbid ka ba ɔnb.[89]

Africa

Amukeke (linɛ ka ba sɛ dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) nɛ inginyo (linɛ ka ba bu’ari dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) anɛ diibi tis ninbanɛ bɛ yadatiʋŋ-ya’nya’aŋ Uganda tɛŋin.[89] Amukeke anɛ bɛʋgin diib, ka ba dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd. Inginyo anɛ linɛ ka ba la’asid nɛ bankyi zɔ’ɔm nɛ punsa maan atapa. Nidib dʋgʋd atapa nɛ zimi banɛ ka ba ɔɔnl ka dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd bɛɛ cowpea vaand kpi’emis ka ba nɔki paas sʋnma zɛɛnd ni. Emukaru (earth-baked root) anɛ linɛ ka ba dit saŋa wʋsa lin nɛ tea bɛɛ suma zɛɛnd. Ba mɛ mɔri li maan diib bɛdigʋ bɛ South Sudan.

Vaand la, banɛ an pɔla la mɔri dʋgʋd zɛɛndi bɛ tɛɛns banɛ bɛ West African la (Guinea, Sierra Leone nɛ Liberia, ba si’eba la), nɛ yadatiʋŋ-ya’nya’aŋ Uganda, East Africa.[89] nwa’ dɔl nɛ FAO leaflet No. 13 – 1990, dankal vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim la anɛ diib kanɛ mɔr vitamins A, C, and B2 (riboflavin), ka vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka  A. Khachatryan maal la pa’al ye li mɔr linɛ ka na’asaanam buon lutein la.

Kenya tɛŋin, Rhoda Nungo onɛ bɛ economics department Ministry of Agriculture sɔb gbaŋ kanɛ pa’an dankal ka ba mɔri maan disi’eba.[90] Nwa’ pʋʋgin pa’anɛ linɛ ka ba tu’a ka li kʋdʋg nɛ linɛ ka ba nɛɛm ka li kilim zɔ’ɔm ka ba nɔki li ka li di’e sikir nɔbir ka ba mɔri sɛn’ɛd diib wan wʋʋ cake, chapatis, mandazis, bodobodo, buns nɛ cookies. Ba mɔr banɛ ka ba kala an orange la nyɛ’ɛlim la maan daam ka si’eba mɛ mɔri ba kiimid ka ba ɔnbid.

Egypt tɛŋin, dankal nyɛ’ɛlim ka ba buon batata (بطاطا‎) anɛ dikanɛ bɛ zin’ig wʋsa waad saŋa, ka banɛ bɛ suoyanamin la sɛ’ɛdi kuosidi tisid Nidib banɛ dɔl Nile koldaagin la gad.[91] Nidib mɔr onɛ ka o kala an orange la nɛ onɛ an pi’elig la nyɛ’ɛlim maan diib. Ba mɛ sɛn’ɛdiba yaan ka mɔr siindi gɛndigid ka ba ya’a di diibi naae ka nɔki saae nɔɔr.

Ethiopia tɛŋin, dankal buudi kanɛ ka ba kuod anina tita’am anɛ banɛ ka ba pak la an sabilik, ka nyɛ’ɛlim la kala an wan wʋʋ cream ka ba buoni li bitatis bɛɛ mitatis. Ba kuodi ba bɛ ya’nya’aŋ nɛ yadagɔbʋg kʋkʋna ni ka tuud saa wakad (Sigir/Mɔraug). Yʋʋm banɛ gaad la, banɛ ka ba nyɛ’ɛlim kala an orange da yina, ka banɛ da yisi li na an Haramaya University ka ban da an sʋm ka sikir pʋ zuoe pʋʋginɛ ka mɛ mɔr vitamin A bɛdigʋ.[92] Nidib bɛdigʋ dʋgid dankal ka nyaan dit.

South Africa tɛŋin, ba pʋ dit dankal ma’a nɛ, ba lɛɛ paasidi li nɛ disi’eba ni ka ba yinnɛ an soetpatats.

Asia

East Asia tɛŋin, dankal sɛn’ɛda anɛ dinɛ ka di yʋ’ʋr yi hali ba tɛnkpɛmisin. China sʋ’ʋlim, dankal, banɛ an dɔnbʋʋlim la, ba sɛn’ɛdi ba kʋnt gbila pʋʋgin kuosid waad saŋa. Korea tɛŋin, dankal, ka ba buon ye goguma, anɛ dikanɛ ka ba sɛn’ɛd, ba sa’ani ba si’el pʋʋgin bɛɛ bugum pi’elim zugʋ kuosid, li kaskas anɛ waad saŋa. Japan tɛŋin, ban maani li si’em ka li dɔl wʋʋ Korea dim maalig la, ban buon ye yaki-imo (dankal sɛn’ɛda), ba mɔr nɛ linɛ ka bʋʋlim an dɔnbʋʋlim la "Japanese dankal" bɛɛ onɛ an purple la "Okinawan dankal", ka ba buon ye beni-imo.

Dankal zɛn’ɛd, ka ba dit waad saŋa la, anɛ dankal ka ba dʋg kuom ni ka gɛndig sikir nɛ ginger. Fujian cuisine nɛ Taiwanese cuisine ni, ba dʋgʋd dankal nɛ mui maan kɔɔkɔ. Dankal kanɛ ka ba waae nɛ dinɛ ka ba dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg anɛ diib hali tis Liancheng County. Dankal vaand la anɛ diibi tis Taiwanese cuisine, ka ba dʋgʋd bɛɛ kiimid kpaam bi’ela pʋʋgin dit nɛ garlic nɛ maagi diib, bɛɛ ban niŋ yaarim ka nyaan gbin’es. Nwa’ nɛ dankal diib bɛdigʋ bɛ bento (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piān-tong) diib kuosʋg zin’is ni. Northeastern Chinese cuisine ni, ba nwaasid dankal nɛ bi’elbi’el ka kiimid, ka nyaan kwa’ae niŋ zɛn’ɛd kanɛ pʋn dʋgʋd pʋʋgin.[93]

Sʋ’ʋlim si’eba banɛ bɛ India tɛŋin, ba sɛn’ɛd dankal bugum saana ni yʋ’ʋŋ ka pigisidi dit, amaa banɛ bɛ yadagɔbʋg la on ɛɛti dʋg nɛ kuomin ka li bi’ik ka ba nyaan pigis pa’ad la, ka nwaasi la gbila gbila dʋg nɛ zɛnma’asa. Indian sʋ’ʋlim kanɛ ka ba buon Tamil Nadu ni, ba buoni li ye sakkara valli kilangu. Ba dʋgʋdi li dit yʋ’ʋŋ. India zin’ig si’eba ni, ba nwaasid dankal ma’asa nɛ dɛligid ka nɛɛmid ka li kilid dankal zɔ’ɔm; ka ba nɔk wheat zɔ’ɔm gɛndig ka sɛn’ɛ li ka li kilim chapatti (bodobodo). Dankal banɛ ka ba kuod India tɛŋin piinɛnu nɛ pisi kɔbiga pʋʋgin, ba ɛɛti ti’aki li nɛ ka li kilim bʋnɔnbida. Si’eba kuod dankal la ye ba diis bʋnkɔnbid nɛ niigi.[7]

Pakistan tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye shakarqandi ka ba mɛ dʋgʋdi li nɛ zɛnma’asa zɛn’ɛd ka lɛn an ni’im zɛn’ɛd (nua ni’im, pɛ’ɛg ni’im, bɛɛ naaf ni’im). Dankal banɛ ka ba sɛn’ɛd nɛ saana la anɛ diib ka ba kuosid bɛ Pakistani bazaars li kaskas anɛ waad saŋa.[94]

Sri Lanka tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye bathala, ka ba mɔri maan bɛʋgʋn diib (ba ɔnbid dankal dʋgʋda nɛ kube kuom) bɛɛ ba dʋgi li di kɔn’ di nɛ mui.

Dankal nyɛ’ɛlim la, ka Dhivehi dim buon ye kattala, ba mɔri li ka li an dikpɛŋi bɛ Maldives. Ba nwaad vaand la paasidi maan diib ka yinnɛ an mas huni.[95]

Japan tɛŋin, ba kuod dankal (ka ba buon satsuma-imo) nɛ busa (ka ba buon daijo bɛɛ beni-imo). Ban dʋgʋd si’em anɛ ba dʋg ka di lɛ’ɛg kuom pʋʋgin, sɛn’ɛb nɛ waar. Ba mɛ lɛn kiimid diib anina. Daigaku-imo (ja:大学芋) anɛ ba ya’a sɛn’ɛ dankal ka paas sikir bɛɛ bʋnmalisiŋ si’a. Lin malis ka tabis la zug, ba mɔri li bɛ imo-kinton nɛ ba dimalisima, ka yinnɛ an ofukuimo. Ka ba buoni li ye "sweet potato" (ja:スイートポテト) Japan tɛŋin, li anɛ cake kanɛ ka ba nɔk Dankali nɛɛm maal. Shōchū, anɛ Japanese dim diib kanɛ ka ba mɔr mui kanɛ mi’igi maan, ba mɛ tɔ’ɔn nɔk Dankal li maal, ka ba buon lin ye imo-jōchū. Imo-gohan, ba ya’a dʋg dankal nɛ mui, anɛ dinɛ ka di yʋ’ʋr yi Guangdong, Taiwan nɛ Japan tɛɛns ni. Ba diti li nimono bɛɛ nitsuke pʋʋg, dʋgʋ li ka paas soy sauce, mirin nɛ dashi.

Korean cuisine ni, ba mɔr dankal titabid la maan dangmyeon (cellophane taliya). Ba dʋgʋd dankal kuomin ka li lɛ’ɛg, ka walisid ka mɛ lɛn sɛn’ɛd, ka nyɛ’ɛlim banɛ an baanlig la ka ba dit ka li buon namul. Pizza kuosig zin’is ni wan wʋʋ Pizza Hut nɛ Domino banɛ bɛ Korea tɛŋin mɔr dankal li pa’an zugin. Korean dim dikanɛ ka di yʋ’ʋr yi ka ba buon, goguma-mattang, ka ba lɛn buon ye Korean candied dankal la, ba kiimid dankal la nɛ nwaasi ba bɛdabɛda ka nɔk sikiri bʋlʋgi li.

Malaysia nɛ Singapore, ba nwaasid dankal nɛ ban’alig ka dʋgi li nɛ taro nɛ kube kuom (santan) ka dikanɛ ka di kilimid la yʋ’ʋr an bubur cha cha. Ban dʋgʋd dankal si’em ka nidib nɔŋi li anɛ fʋn na nwaasinwaasi li kiim, ka diti li nɛ tea. Yaan la, ba dʋgʋd dankal nɛ kuom pʋʋgin. Dankal vaand la Malaysia dim kiimid din nɛ garlic ma’a bɛɛ sambal belacan.

Philippines tɛŋin, dankal (ka ba buudi pian’ad ni an camote bɛɛ kamote) anɛ dikpɛŋ hali tis banɛ bɛ tɛnkpɛmisin la. Li anɛ dikanɛ ka banɛ an tidimnam la tita’am dit daar wʋsa bɔzugɔ li kuob pʋ tɔi wan wʋʋ mui.[96] Ba dʋgʋdi li nɛ bɛɛ ban sɛn’ɛ li bugum saana ni ka nɔki li lɔs sikir pʋʋgin bɛɛ zɛn’ɛdin di. Vanpɔla nɛ buspaala la (ka ba buon ye talbos ng kamote bɛɛ camote tops) anɛ diibi tisi ba ka ba sɛɛdi niŋid salad nii gɛndig nɛ zɛɛnd kanɛ ka ba nɔk zimi maal. Ba si’eba dʋgʋdi li kuomi’isim ni nɛ zɛn’ɛd kanɛ ka ba nɔk bɛŋa maal ka diti li nɛ ziŋki’ima (ka ba buon ye adobong talbos ng kamote), bɛɛ ba di nɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba buon sinigang.[96] Kuom kanɛ ka ba siligidi yit camote tops ni la kala anɛ purple, ka ba gɛndigidi li nɛ lemon kuom nud. Ba kuosid dankal suor nɔya ni nɛ tɛnkpɛmisin. Ba mɔr sikiri bʋlʋgʋd dankal ki’ima kuosid ka li an nintaŋ diib.[97] Ba mɔr dankal li maan halo-halo linɛ ka ba buon ginatan, lin anɛ ba dʋg dankal la nɛ kube kuom pʋʋgin nɛ sikir kanɛ ka ba gɛndig si’elnam wan wʋʋ rootcrops, sago, jackfruit, nɛ bilu-bilo (glutinous rice balls).[98] Bodobodo kanɛ ka ba nɔk dankal li maal yʋ’ʋr mɛ yi ya hali. Dankal kuob anɛ na’ana’a, ka tɛnkpɛmisin ka ba bɛ bɛdigʋ kuosuoya ni. linɛ ka ba pʋ sɛɛ ka li yii li mɛŋ la anɛ kurkurnam din.

Indonesia tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye ubi jalar (lit: "nyɛ’ɛlim kanɛ tɛɛnd") bɛɛ ubi giŋa, ka ba kiimid nɛ la’asi’eba dit nɛ kodu ki’imi, tempeh, tahu, breadfruit, bɛɛ cassava. Kʋkʋna banɛ bɛ West Papua ni la, dankal anɛ ba dikpɛŋ. Ba dɔlisid nɛ bakar batu dʋgʋb suor, tampiins banɛ nyʋ’ʋe bugum ka ba lɔbidi niŋid bʋnbɔk kanɛ ka vaand bɛɛ li pʋʋgin. Dankal ka ba pak, ka la’as zɛnvaand, nɛ kurkur ni’im tampiing zug. Ba nɔkid vaand bɛdigʋ pa’ani li zugin, ka dʋgi li hour nam bɛdigʋ ka li kɛ ka tʋʋlig la nyaŋi nwɛ’ɛ dʋg la’abanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la.

Vietnamese cuisine tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye khoai lang ka ba dʋgʋd nɛ la’amalisa wan wʋʋ corn syrup, siind, sikir, bɛɛ molasses.[99]

Dankal vanpɔla la ka ba mɔri maan biis diib, li kaskas anɛ Southeast Asia nɛ East Asia.[100][101] Dankal kanɛ ka ba nɛɛm mɛ bɛ dunia wʋsa.[102]

United States
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dankal kanɛ ka ba bʋlʋg sikir mɛ anɛ dikanɛ ka ba mɔri dit nɛ disi’eba ka ba maan nɛ brown sugar, marshmallows, maple syrup, molasses, orange juice, marron glacé, bɛɛ la’abanɛ malis si’eba. Ba diti li US tita’am nɛ bareka pʋ’ʋsim saŋa. Dankal casserole anɛ dikanɛ ka ba nɔk dankal kanɛ ka ba tu’a nɛ casserole maal, ka ba bʋlʋg nɛ sikir bɛɛ pecan.[103]

Dankal anɛ dikanɛ ka nidib nɔŋi li hali bɛ French nɛ Spanish tɛŋ dimi bɛ zin’ig si’a, ka li pa’al ye ba da pin’ili li kuob hali bɛnɛ Louisiana.[104] Tɛŋ banɛ gɔs ka dankal an tɛŋ la zɛnvaadi hali anɛ Alabama,[105] Louisiana,[106] nɛ North Carolina.[107] Dankal ki’ima anɛ dikpɛŋ hali tis Southern U.S. cuisine. Dankal ki’ima la buudi si’a anɛ Okinawan sweet potato haupia pie, linɛ ka ba nɔk dankal kanɛ an purple la maal.

Ba da pin’il dankal kiimig nɛ nineteenth century sa bɛ United States.[108] Dankal ki’ima maalig pʋ tɔe ya ka anɛ ban na kiimi li kpaam pʋʋgin. Ba da sɛn’ɛd dankal banɛ ka ba bu’ar bɛɛ nwaas ka nɔki lɔs kpaam pʋʋgin yaae ka tʋʋlʋgi li nɛ bugum yiiga bɛnɛ United States 21st century pin’ilig saŋa, diib kanɛ ka ba buon "dankal ki’ima". Ba mɔr dankal dʋgʋda kanɛ ka ba nɛɛm ka li bʋlʋgi paasid disi’eba pʋʋgin dit, li kaskas anɛ ba ya’a la’as ye ba maal malisim bɛɛ banɛ sɛn’ɛd ni’im zin’isin.

Ba buon John Bettencourt Avila ye "dankal kpaadib yaab" bɛ North America.[109][110]

Oceania

Māori dim buudi da kua ba kɔ’ɔbkɔ’ɔb bʋnbaalig, banɛ pa’adi an dɔnbʋʋlim, ka ba zɛm wʋʋ nu’ubil nɛ ka ba buon kūmara (ka li yʋda si’eba an taputini,[111] taroamahoe, pehu, hutihuti, and rekamaroa[112]) banɛ ka ba da mɔri yi Polynesia tɛŋin na. Ba vɛɛn vɛɛnsa gɔs ka li an ye banɛ an baanlig la maan sʋ’ʋŋa,[113] amaa America nidib banɛ da tuud suori dɔlisid kuomin da mɔr bʋnbɛda na 19th century pin’ilig saŋa, ka ba da yadig tɛŋ tɔ’ɔtɔ’.[114][115][116][117]

Lin da wa’ae yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ ni la (2021), banɛ gɔsid kʋdʋmin la’ad yela da vɛɛns ya ka ye dankal da pʋ nyaŋi maal titua bɛ New Zealand south linɛ bɛ Christchurch sʋ’ʋlim la ba tɛŋ la mɔr waad la zug, ka li da kɛ ka Māori buudi nidib la an (ban nɛ Moriori dim banɛ bɛ Chatham Islands) nimbanɛ bɛ Polynesian sʋ’ʋlim an tɔn’ɔsnam. Amaa, yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ (2021) vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka ba da vɛɛnsi yi la’abanɛ ka ba nyɛ bʋnbɔk si’a ni ka li kpie Dunedin, an wʋʋ 250 km (160 mi) ya’dagɔbʋg, da pa’al ye ba da kuod dankal ka su’adi li 15th century, ka li kuob nyaan da lɛb nya’aŋ ka ba ye li anɛ waad yela.[32]

Māori dim buon dankal dʋgʋda ye kūmara ka ba ɛɛti sɛn’ɛ li bɛ hāngī (sɛn’ɛb dɔɔg). Ba nan maana ala ba ya’a la’as taaba ba la’asig zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon marae ni.

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1947), black rot (Ceratocystis fimbriata) da yi kūmara na bɛ Auckland tɛŋin baba ka nɔbig bɛdigʋ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnu nam saŋa la (1950s).[118] Joe nɛ Fay Gock da paam yinnɛ kanɛ ka wisi’eba pʋ tɔ’ɔe o. Ba da nɔki li tis tɛŋ la kpɛɛmnam, ka li da kɛ ka ba di’e piini kanɛ buon Bledisloe Cup yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ atan’ ni (2013).[119][120]

kūmara buudi la mɔr abʋtan’ ka ba kuosid New Zealand tɛŋin: 'Owairaka Red' ("red"), 'Toka Toka Gold' ("gold"), nɛ 'Beauregard' ("orange"). Tɛŋ la kuod dankal wan wʋʋ 24,000 metric tons yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin,[121] ka li tita’am, piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (97%) ba kuodi bɛnɛ Northland Region.[122] Dankal ka ba buon Kūmara la bɛ New Zealand tɛŋin saŋa wʋsa yʋʋm pʋʋgin, ka anina ka ba di’e potatoes nɔbir.[123]

Kūmara paas dibanɛ ka ba sɛn’ɛd pʋʋgin, ka ba diti li nɛ cream kanɛ pʋ Malisa nɛ nanzʋ’ʋs. Ba diti li nɛ zɛnma’asa wan wʋʋ potatoes nɛ yʋ’a ka ba maan si’em la, ka ba maani li nɛ la’abanɛ na paas ka zɛn’ɛd malis. Ba pɛ’ɛl zin’is banɛ ka ba kuosid la’ad ni, zin’is banɛ ka ba sɛn’ɛd diib bʋnamɛ kuosid nɛ bʋnbʋ’ad banɛ ka ba dʋgʋd ka ba buoni ba anina ye hāngī la ni.

Nidib banɛ an Urapmin buudi bɛ Papua New Guinea, buon dankal ye taro (ka Urap pian’ad ni an ima) ka lɛn mɔr dankal yinnɛ (Urap: wan) anɛ dibanɛ sʋŋid hali, ka ban buon 'diib' nɛ sɔb si’a Urap pian’ad ni la la’as nɛ yʋda ayi’ nwa.[124]

Europe

Veneto (northeast Italy) sʋ’ʋlim, ba buon dankal ye patata mericana, bɛ Venetian buudi pian’ad ni (patata americana bɛ Italian buudi pian’ad ni, ka li gbin an "America dankal"), ka ba kuodi li zin’is wʋsa bɛ yadagɔbʋg, region la ni;.[125][126]

Spain tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye boniato. Yʋ’ʋŋ kanɛ ka ba di’emid di’emkanɛ ka ba buon All Souls' Day, bɛ Catalonia (northeastern Spain) la, dikanɛ ka ba dit tita’am anɛ dankal sɛn’ɛda nɛ chestnuts, panellets nɛ damalisiŋ. Ba buon tigir nwa’ ye La Castanyada.[127][128] Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ atan’ ni (2023), Spain da anɛ tɛŋ kanɛ kua dankal li gaadi o taaba bɛ Europe sʋ’ʋlim.[129]

South America

Peru sʋ’ʋlim, ba buon dankal ye camote ka ba dit nɛ zimi diib. Dankal ki’ima anɛ dikanɛ ka ba kuosid zin’ig wʋsa anina, suoyanam ni nɛ diib kuosig zin’is.

Dulce de batata anɛ dikanɛ ka Argentine, Paraguayan nɛ Uruguayan dit, ka li anɛ dankal ka ba nɔki maal. Li malis nɛ, ka lɛɛ kpi’em bi’ela ka ba mɔr sʋ’ʋgi nwaad bi’elbi’eli dit.

Dunia wʋsa

Dunia wʋsa ni, dankal anɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba mɔri paasidi dʋgʋd mui nɛ disi’eba, li kaskas anɛ maki rolls. Onɛ da pin’ili nɔk Dankal li paasi dʋg mui nɛ disi’eba anɛ Bun Lai onɛ bɛ Miya's Sushi ni, onɛ da maal dankal li gbilim ka gɛndig si’elnami li pʋʋg yiiga yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ piswai nam saŋa (1990s) on da bɔɔd ye o nɔk bʋnbʋtiri maal wan wʋʋ ban da mɔr zimi maan sushi rolls si’em la.[130][131][132]

Dʋgibʋ an siɛm siɛm

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dankal ya’a niŋ ma’asʋg ni, li na kilim kpi’ɛʋŋ. Fʋ tɔ’ɔn sɛ’ɛ zin’ŋ kani ka tʋʋlʋg pʋ zʋoe bɛɛ zin’ŋkanɛ ka tʋʋlig zʋoe ka li kɛ ka li malisimla yina kilim wɔɔ sikir nɛ.[133][134][135][136]

Ya’abig

Ba ya’ab dankal bɛɛ camotes tita’am bɛ Peru sʋ’ʋlim ka buud banɛ maal la buon Moche buudi.[137]

Dyes

South America tɛŋin, ba la’asid dankal wiig la kuom nɛ lime juice mɔri maan dye maan fuud. Ba ya’a la’as bama kuom la, ba tɔ’ɔe maal fuud ka ba an wiid bɛɛ li buudi paae sabilig gba.[138] Dankal kanɛ an Purple la, ba mɔri maan diib ka li vɛnl.[139]

Kuom pʋʋg

Fʋ ya’a nwaae dankal vaand la, fʋ ye fʋ dinɛ bɛɛ fʋ ya’a bɔɔd ye li maal vɛnlim, ba na maal nya’a kuom la pʋʋgin ka nɔbig anina, ka si’el kʋ maali baa, nintaŋ ya’a paadi ba ka ba mɛ paamid ban nar ye ba mɔr si’el ka nyaŋi nɔbig. Nwa’ yela, dankal sʋ’ʋm zin’ig anɛ kuom zin’is banɛ bɛ yaan, ka li vaand la yi yi’iŋa ka nya’a la ba’a kuom la pʋʋgin, bɔzugɔ dinɛ kɛt ka ba nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ anina anɛ ammonia nɛ nitrates, bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ kuomin la bina, ka li yisidi li kuom la pʋʋgin. Nwa’ kɛt ka zimi vʋm an sʋ’ʋm kuom la pʋʋgin, ka li nya’a la mɛ an sʋ’ak zin’igi tis zimi la.

Vɛnlim

Dankal banɛ ka ba bʋd vɛnlim yela ka ba bɛ tɛngbaŋ zug, container ni, bɛ bɛdnam pʋʋgin. Ba gɔsid o yʋʋm bɛn ni bɛ USDA hardiness Zone 9, ba nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ ka bʋsid vaandi yadigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’. Ba bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb kala pʋʋgin ka si’eba an dɛn’ɛm, dɔnbʋʋlim, nɛ.[140] Dankal buudi banɛ ka ba gɔsidi ba vɛnlim yela si’eba anɛ 'Blackie', li maan pʋʋm gati o taaba.[141] Ba pʋ mɔr daʋŋi tis ninsaal ninsaal ningbiŋɔ, baa ba vaand la dit la, ba nyɛ’ɛlim la pʋ malisa.[142][143]



Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ Purseglove, John Williams (1968). Tropical crops: D. Longman Scientific and Technical. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-582-46666-1. [page needed]
  2. ↑ Woolfe, Jennifer A. (5 March 1992). Sweet Potato: An Untapped Food Resource. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (CUP) and the International Potato Center (CIP). ISBN 9780521402958.
  3. ↑ Keoke, Emory Dean; Porterfield, Kay Marie (2009). Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations. Infobase Publishing. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8160-4052-0.
  4. ↑ "Mystery of sweetpotato origin uncovered, as missing link plant found by Oxford research". University of Oxford. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Wells, Tom; Wood, John R. I.; Carruthers, Tom; Anglin, Noelle L.; Jarret, Robert L.; Scotland, Robert W. (22 January 2022). "Discovery and characterization of sweetpotato's closest tetraploid relative". New Phytologist. 234 (4): 1185–1194. Bibcode:2022NewPh.234.1185M. doi:10.1111/nph.17991. ISSN 0028-646X. PMC 9306577. PMID 35064679.
  6. ↑ "Pollinating Sweet Potatoes". Home Guides. SF Gate. 11 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (2009). The sweetpotato. Springer. pp. 391–425. ISBN 978-1-4020-9475-0.
  8. ↑ "Mystery of sweetpotato origin uncovered, as missing link plant found by Oxford research". University of Oxford. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  9. ↑ Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Wells, Tom; Wood, John R. I.; Carruthers, Tom; Anglin, Noelle L.; Jarret, Robert L.; Scotland, Robert W. (22 January 2022). "Discovery and characterization of sweetpotato's closest tetraploid relative". New Phytologist. 234 (4): 1185–1194. Bibcode:2022NewPh.234.1185M. doi:10.1111/nph.17991. ISSN 0028-646X. PMC 9306577. PMID 35064679.
  10. ↑ Geneflow 2009. Bioversity International. ISBN 9789290438137.
  11. ↑ "Sweet Potato". Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005.
  12. ↑ Austin, Daniel F. (1988). "The taxonomy, evolution and genetic diversity of sweet potatoes and related wild species". In P. Gregory (ed.). Exploration, Maintenance, and Utilization of Sweet Potato Genetic Resources. First Sweet Potato Planning Conference, 1987. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center. pp. 27–60. ISBN 9789290601159.
  13. ↑ Zhang, D.P.; Ghislain, M.; Huaman, Z.; Cervantes, J.C.; Carey, E.E. (1999). "AFLP Assessment of Sweetpotato Genetic Diversity in Four Tropical American Regions" (PDF). International Potato Center (CIP) Program Report 1997-1998. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center (CIP). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014.
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  15. ↑ Engel, Fréderic (1970). "Exploration of the Chilca Canyon". Current Anthropology. 11: 55–58. doi:10.1086/201093. S2CID 144317617.
  16. ↑ Perry, L. (2002). "Starch granule size and the domestication of manioc (Manihot esculenta) and Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)". Economic Botany. 56 (4): 345–349. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0335:SGSATD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 32462935.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Kyndt, Tina; Quispea, Dora; Zhaic, Hong; Jarretd, Robert; Ghislainb, Marc; Liuc, Qingchang; Gheysena, Godelieve; Kreuzeb, Jan F. (20 April 2015). "The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: An example of a naturally transgenic food crop". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18): 5844–5849. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.5844K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1419685112. PMC 4426443. PMID 25902487.
  18. ↑ "Sweet potato is a natural GMO". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  19. ↑ Doucleff, Michaeleen (5 May 2015). "Natural GMO? Sweet Potato Genetically Modified 8,000 Years Ago". NPR. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  20. ↑ Lebot, Vincent (2020). Tropical Root and Tuber Crops : Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK Boston, USA: CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). p. 541. ISBN 978-1-78924-336-9. OCLC 1110672215.
  21. ↑ Soucy, Shannon M.; Huang, Jinling; Gogarten, Johann Peter (17 July 2015). "Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life". Nature Reviews Genetics. 16 (8). Nature Portfolio: 472–482. doi:10.1038/nrg3962. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 26184597. S2CID 6794788.
  22. ↑ Andersen, Martin Marchman; Landes, Xavier; Xiang, Wen; Anyshchenko, Artem; Falhof, Janus; Østerberg, Jeppe Thulin; Olsen, Lene Irene; Edenbrandt, Anna Kristina; Vedel, Suzanne Elizabeth; Thorsen, Bo Jellesmark; Sandøe, Peter; Gamborg, Christian; Kappel, Klemens; Palmgren, Michael G. (2015). "Feasibility of new breeding techniques for organic farming". Trends in Plant Science. 20 (7). Cell Press: 426–434. Bibcode:2015TPS....20..426A. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 26027462. S2CID 205454618.
  23. ↑ "Batatas, Not Potatoes". Botgard.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  24. ↑ Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.; Anderson, Atholl J. (27 December 2010). "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (5): 1815–1820. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.1815W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015876108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3033267. PMID 21187404. For example, the earliest presence of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Mangaia, Cook Islands, dated to A.D. 1210–1400 and was regarded as a late occurrence
  25. ↑ van Tilburg, Jo Anne (1994). Easter Island: Archaeology, ecology, and culture. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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  27. ↑ Lizzie Wade (8 July 2020). "Polynesians steering by the stars met Native Americans long before Europeans arrived". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abd7159. S2CID 225642378. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  28. ↑ Greenhill, Simon J.; Clark, Ross; Biggs, Bruce (2010). "Entries for KUMALA.1 [LO] Sweet Potato (Ipomoea)". POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  29. ↑ Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysekn, Pieter C. (10 June 2004). "Genetic relations of South American Indian languages". The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-139-45112-3.
  30. ↑ "Sweet potato history casts doubt on early contact between Polynesia and the Americas". EurekaAlert! Cell Press. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  31. ↑ Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Carruthers, Tom; Wood, John R.I.; Williams, Bethany R.M.; Weitemier, Kevin; Kronmiller, Brent; Ellis, David; Anglin, Noelle L.; Longway, Lucas; Harris, Stephen A.; Rausher, Mark D.; Kelly, Steven; Liston, Aaron; Scotland, Robert W. (2018). "Reconciling conflicting phylogenies in the origin of sweet potato and dispersal to Polynesia". Current Biology. 28 (8): 1246–1256.e12. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E1246M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 29657119.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Barber, Ian; Higham, Thomas F. G. (14 April 2021). "Archaeological science meets Māori knowledge to model pre-Columbian sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) dispersal to Polynesia's southernmost habitable margins". PLOS One. 16 (4): e0247643. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1647643B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247643. PMC 8046222. PMID 33852587.
  33. ↑ Matisoo-Smith, Lisa (13 April 2018). "When did sweet potatoes arrive in the Pacific – Expert Reaction". www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz. Science Media Centre. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019. We would like to see more robust data, ideally from multiple sources, presented before we can accept the data and reconsider the current interpretation that the sweet potato was brought to Polynesia by humans at some point around 1000–1200 AD.
  34. ↑ Fettiplace, Elinor (1986) [1604]. Spurling, Hilary (ed.). Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book: Elizabethan Country House Cooking. Viking.
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