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Dankal

Dɛmisim tɔ'ɔŋir suoya la
Di yinɛ Wikipiidia
Dankal
taxon
Subclass ofuseful plant, annual plant, vegetable Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has usefodder, medicinal plant, vegetable Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Short nameI. batatas Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameIpomoea batatas Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankspecies Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonIpomoea Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon common namesweet potato Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has basionymConvolvulus batatas Dɛmisim gbɛlima
This taxon is source ofSaccharum Granorum, Dankal Dɛmisim gbɛlima
IUCN conservation statusDD Dɛmisim gbɛlima
NatureServe conservation statussecure Dɛmisim gbɛlima
External data available at URLhttps://www.gbif.org/dataset/31dc1507-a6e1-4233-a8df-c7a78596a7e4 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Hashtagsweet_potato Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Hardiness of plant9 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon author citationL. Lam. Dɛmisim gbɛlima
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=20142 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🍠 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Dankal (Ipomoea batatas) anɛ di nyɛ'ɛda buudi kanɛ ka bɛ dicotyledonous tiig pɛɛs bɛgin vɛɛnim tiis buudi la ni na, Convolvulaceae. Di bi'ela, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous rootsmɔri maan nya'a diib (root vegetable).[1][2] Di anɛ di kanɛ an staple food ka nidib nɔŋi li pamm dunia ni. Banɛ tʋmi li tʋʋma la (Cultivars of the sweet potato) zamis ban na niŋi ka sua li ka li kpɛm mɔr niŋgbiŋ paalig nɛ sin'imnam bɛdigʋ. Dinɛ pɛɛs ya'as anɛ ye ba van paala banɛ nan yit paalim la mɔri did. Dankal nɛ pi'esa la dɔlim anɛ Solanales, dinɛ ke ka ba an buudi kanɛ laa nɛ taaba. Dankal sabila banɛ bɛ North America ba buoni ba nɛ ye "busa", ba nwɛnim nɛ busa mɛŋ-mɛŋ lal nɛ taaba dinɛ an monocots bɛ Dioscoreales dɔlisʋg la.[3]

Dankal pin'il yinɛ tropical regions bɛ South America ka nananna di yʋ'ʋm bɛ Ecuador.[4][5]

Paꞌalʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Bʋnbʋtir nwaꞌ anɛ vaand bʋgʋs nɛ ka li vuud tɛŋin bɛɛ li yaꞌa kpiꞌe bʋnwɔk siꞌa li na tɔꞌɔe gbanꞌae li dʋ ka nyaŋidi bɛi tʋʋgid yʋʋm pʋʋgin, ka li vaand siꞌeba yadigi pʋdiga atanꞌ bɛɛ an lammiri ka ba puum la tɔꞌɔŋ nɛ til la. Til la vuud nɛ tɛŋin ka maan nyaꞌabaanlig dutanam la ni. vaand la tɔꞌɔŋ nɛ til la. Daʋg kakɛ zanl vaang la waꞌalim anɛ wan wʋʋ 13 paae 51 centimetres (5 to 20 inches). Vaand la kpikpɛmis labisim pʋ zɛnmiya, 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in), li anɛ wan wʋʋ sʋsʋnf, siyanini bɛɛ gɛl nɛ, ka an gbilig bɛɛ lammirɛ bɛɛ lin on mɔr labisim atanꞌ, li kpikpɛmis la tɔꞌɔn an mummi, bʋꞌasibʋꞌas bɛɛ li pʋdipʋda abʋtanꞌ bɛɛ li tɔꞌɔn pʋdi paae abʋyɔpɔi. Vaand la nindaa anɛ saalig, ka kaꞌa gbiribirɛ, ka li naarin la an gbilig bɛɛ pʋlʋm. Vaand la taa anɛ dɛnꞌɛm, amaa ka bʋnsiꞌa ɛɛti kɛ ka li kilim dɔnbʋʋlim. Til la waꞌalim bɛn tɔnꞌɔn aen yi 0.5 kɛŋ paae 4 metres (1+1⁄2 nɛ 13 feet). Ba buud siꞌeba busid til duta la ni ka li waꞌalim paad 16 m (52 ft). Amaa, bama pʋ mɔr nyɛꞌɛlim.

Li mɔr zinꞌig kanɛ ka daʋlim nɛ pʋꞌalim laꞌasi bɛ la, nɛ tilbil kanɛ zanl puum kanɛ pʋdig anu la, kɛ ka li ziꞌenɛ agɔl sappi. Li paan puum nɛ daar kanɛ ka nintaŋ pʋ waꞌama. Pak kanɛ lus puum la anɛ biꞌela ka waꞌam, ka pʋlʋm ka an (wan wʋʋ ayɔpɔi bɛn) 10 to 15 millimetres (3⁄8 to 5⁄8 in) waꞌalim pʋʋgin, ka mɔr zuob baanlig. Atanꞌ banɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la waꞌam biꞌela. Biili maani yit nɛ ayi yaꞌa bɛ kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb ka laꞌas taaba pʋʋm saŋa.[6]

Ba puum la lakid ka winig nyaan yit na ka bɛ ala paad hour nam biꞌela. Bɛugʋn yaꞌas ka ba yʋbin ka yʋꞌʋn pinꞌili pʋoe lu tɛŋin. Nyaꞌa kanɛ ka diib bɛ la waꞌam nɛ ka an fuoŋ, ka an saalig ka li kala nam bɛ kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb ka siꞌeba an dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, wiig, brown, purple, bɛɛ beige. Li bʋʋlim la kala siꞌeba anɛ beige, piꞌelig, wiig, pink, violet, dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, bɛɛ purple. Dankal siꞌeba banɛ ka ba nyɛꞌɛlim bʋʋlim la an piꞌelig bɛɛ waans dɔnbʋʋlim la pʋ malis ka mɔr kuom wan wʋʋ banɛ an wiig, pink bɛɛ orange la.[7]

Buudi

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dankal yinɛ South America zinꞌig kanɛ ka ba buon zina ye Ecuador la.[8][9] Zinꞌig kanɛ ka ba tiꞌak dankal buudi ka li liꞌeb saalibi bɔɔd ye li an siꞌem da pinꞌil nɛ Central bɛɛ South America.[10] Central America tɛŋin, ban dankal banɛ ka ba da gɔsi ba yela da bɛ anina ka li tʋʋg yʋʋm tusanu (5,000) banɛ gaad la,[11] ban da nyɛ I. batatas ka li bɛ Yucatán Peninsula linɛ bɛ Mexico la nɛ kɔlig kanɛ ka ba buon Orinoco River ka li bɛ Venezuela la tɛnsʋk la.[12] Daasiꞌerɛ tɛŋin la nidibi da tɔlisi li ka li paae Caribbean dim nɛ South America 2500 BCE.[13]

I. trifida, anɛ mɔɔg linɛ bɛ mɔɔgin ka wan dankal hali, lin da yi siꞌem na li buudi nam ayiŋa banɛ kaꞌ yinnɛ da laꞌas taaba ka li nyaŋi kilim dankal buudi.[14] Ba vɛɛn ya gɔs ka ye dankal kanɛ ka ti miꞌ zina la, ba da nyɛ linɛ bɛ tampilɛma ni bɛ Chilca Canyon, linɛ bɛ south-central zone Peru tɛŋin, ka li paꞌal ye li yuugi paae 8080 ± 170 BC.[15][16]

Buudi laꞌasig

Dankal li mɔr bʋn siꞌa li ni anɛ li DNA ka li yinɛ Agrobacterium, sensu lato; lin wanni Rhizobium rhizogenes buudi), ka ba da nyɛ ka bʋnbʋtir la an ala.[17] Li buudi la ba da vɛɛns ya ka li pʋ dɔl nɛ banɛ bɛ mɔɔgin la.[17] Vɛɛnsig paꞌal ye dankal buudi nam tiꞌas nɛ ala hali yʋma tusir pʋʋginme, ka li kɛ ka li yʋꞌʋn nyaŋi an sʋꞌʋŋa.[17] Nwaꞌ paꞌal ye dankal li da an yiiga bʋnbʋtir kanɛ ka ba da nyɛ ka li laꞌas nɛ buud siꞌeba.[17][18][19][20][21][22]

Kuob yɛla

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Lin dɔl siꞌem tiik zinꞌig labakuda

Europeans dimi da nan pʋ kɛn Americas tɛŋin la, dankal da bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin, ka ba kʋꞌʋt nɛ vaandi sɛɛd ka kaꞌa biilifɔ.[23] Dankal da bɛ Cook Islands nɛ 1210–1400 CE.[24] Ba vɛɛns nɛ ka ye daꞌasiꞌerɛ Polynesia dim da ansig nɛ vaand la mɔri kɛn Polynesia tɛŋin na, banɛ da kɛn South America ka lɛbid la, anina ka li widigi yi Polynesia paae Easter Island, Hawaii nɛ New Zealand.[25][26] Ba vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka Polynesian nidibi kuod dankal siꞌa la nɛ American dim ninkʋka din la wan biꞌela wʋʋ Zenú, bama anɛ nimbanɛ bɛ Colombia tɛŋin zina, ka li paꞌal ye Polynesia dim tɔꞌɔn da kɛŋ South America ka paam dankal anina yi Europe dim la nuꞌusin.[27] Dutch buudi nid nɛ onɛ miꞌ Amerindian buudi pianꞌad, Willem Adelaar nɛ Pieter Muysken ye dankal yʋꞌʋr la yinɛ Polynesian nɛ South America buudi pianꞌad ni na: Proto-Polynesian *kumala[28] (compare Rapa Nui kumara, Hawaiian ʻuala, Māori kūmara) tɔꞌɔn an yinnɛ nɛ Quechua bɛɛ Aymara k'umar ~ k'umara. Adelaar nɛ Muysken da nyɛ ka yʋꞌʋr la paꞌal ye Central Andes dim nɛ Polynesia dim tɔꞌɔn da siꞌal taaba zinꞌig siꞌa.[29]

Vɛɛnsidib yinɛ ye dankal tɔꞌɔn da dɛŋi bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin yʋma tusa ka ninsaalib nyaan kɛŋ zinꞌin anina.[30][31] Amaa, banɛ zamis gbana ka yina pianꞌa la titaꞌam dɔl nɛ nidibi da siꞌal taaba ka li yadig.[32][33]

Dankal da paae Europe dɔl nɛ nidibi da tiꞌas taaba laꞌad saŋsiꞌa la, fʋ yaꞌa gɔs gbaŋ kanɛ ka Elinor Fettiplace sɔb ka pʋd Receipt Book la ni, linɛ ka ba da sɔbi li naꞌasaalin  England tɛŋin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi la ni (1604).[34][35]

Dankal da paae Philippines dim tɛŋin nɛ Spanish colonial period (1521–1898) yi Manila galleons, nɛ dunia bʋnbʋta siꞌeba.[36] Li da paae Fujian banɛ bɛ China la nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ piswai nɛ anaasi ni (1594) saŋa yi Luzon, ba bʋnbʋtta da sanꞌam la zug. Dankal kuob da nyɛ kpɛmisigi yi onɛ da an Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng) sanꞌan.[37]

Dankal da paae Ryukyu Kingdom, zinꞌig kanɛ ka ba buon Okinawa, ka li bɛ Japan zina la, yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisyuobʋ saŋa (1600s) da yinɛ Portuguese ni na.[38][39][40] Dankal da kilim diibi tis Japan dim bɔzugɔ lini da sʋŋid ka kɔꞌɔm kae, ba yaꞌa da kuꞌa mui ka li pʋ maalɛ.[40][41] Aoki Konyō da sʋŋi kkɛ ka dankal yadig Japan tɛŋin, ka Tokugawa bakufu mɛ da sʋŋ, sɔb gbana, ka mɛ da tɔlis o vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka o da vɛɛns Japanese buudi pianꞌad ni dankal yel la tis nidib ka li kɛ ka ba kuꞌa li bɛdigʋ.[42] Ba da sɛɛd dankal nɛ Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune lɔmbɔnꞌɔg ni.[43] Li da paae Korea nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764).[44] Kang P'il-ri nɛ Yi Kwang-ryŏ da gbanꞌa gbaꞌar ye ba tʋm dankal tʋʋma bɛ Seoul yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayuobʋ ni (1766), mɔr nɛ yaꞌam kanɛ ka ba da zamisi yi Japanese dim ni yi Tongnae da pinꞌil yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764). Nwaꞌ da tʋm ya paae yʋʋm bɛn ka lɛb nyaꞌaŋ ʋʋn saŋa yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1767) onɛ yʋꞌʋri buon Kang kum nyaꞌaŋ la.[45]

Yʋda

Baa laꞌanɛ lin pʋ kpiꞌem la, ba buon dankal siꞌeba nɛ "busa" bɛ North America zinꞌig siꞌeba, dankal bɛɛ li kɔnꞌ nɛ busa mɛŋir (Dioscorea), linɛ yadigid tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔs,[46] ka paas nɛ monocot mɔɔd buudi Dioscoreaceae ni. Mɔɔg yinnɛ mɛn, ka ba buon oca (Oxalis tuberosa, ka li vaand mɛ labis), ka ba buon ye "busa" dunia zinꞌig siꞌeba ni.[47]

Baa dankal nɛ potato pʋ kpin la, ba yʋꞌʋr la nwan biꞌela. Europe nidib banɛ da lɛm dankal yiiga da anɛ  banɛ da paas Christopher Columbus ka ba tu suori bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnaasi nɛ piswai nɛ ayi ni (1492). Lin nyaꞌaŋ ka vɛɛnsidib nyɛ ka nidib kuodi li ka lɛɛ pʋdi li ba buudi yʋda, amaa yʋꞌʋr kanɛ da yʋʋg anɛ Taíno kudumin dimi da pʋd ye batata la. Spanish dim da laꞌas nwaꞌ nɛ Quechua dim yʋꞌʋr kanɛ ka ba da pʋd dankal, ye papa, ani ka ba da buon dankal ye patata.[48]

Baa Hebrew dimi mɛ buon dankal ye batata (בטטה‎) ba buudi pianꞌadin la, li kaꞌa ye ba wʋm nɛ yi Taíno dim buolig nii. Amaa, Spanish dimi buon patata la ka ba da tiꞌaki li lɛbis Arabic ka buon ye batata (بطاطا‎), bɔzugɔ, ba pʋ mɔr sɔb bil  /p/ ka li bɛ Arabic nii, lin ka ba da buon dankal ye batata ḥilwa (بطاطا حلوة‎); ka li pʋn anɛ ('dankal'). Arabic dimi buon batata la Hebrew dim da zamisi li ka buon ka li anɛ dankal maꞌa yʋꞌʋr, bɔzugɔ Hebrew dim da mɔr yʋꞌʋr kanɛ ka ba pʋn tis potato sa ye, תפוח אדמה‎ (tapuakh adama, ka li gbin an 'dunia apple'; ka French pianꞌad ni an pomme de terre).

Luga siꞌeba nɛ vɛɛnvɛɛnsidib siꞌeba bɔɔd ye ba sɔm yʋꞌʋr la laꞌas mumi li naꞌasaalin la ye—sweetpotato—ka kaꞌa ba pʋdigi li ayiŋa, ka li nyaŋi paꞌal ye li bɛ li kɔnꞌ nɛ potatoes nɛ busa ka li mɛ kɛ ka nidib da nɔki li maal ye potato.[49][50][51] Ban buoni li siꞌem America naꞌasaalin zina, ba laꞌasid yʋꞌʋr la nɛ sɔbid mummi.[52]

Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, nɛ Dominican Republic tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye batata. Brazil tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye batata doce. Mexico tɛŋin, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central America, nɛ Philippines tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye camote (ka siꞌeba sɔbidi li kamote bɛ Philippines pianꞌadin), ba nyɛ yʋꞌʋr nwaꞌ yinɛ Nahuatl buudi pianꞌak camotli.[53][54] Peru nɛ Bolivia, ban buoni li siꞌem anɛ apichu, amaa ba bɛ buudi buudi ka siꞌeba an khumara, kumar (Ayacucho Quechua), nɛ kumara (Bolivian Quechua),[55] li wan nɛ Polynesian dimi buon ye kumara nɛ yʋꞌʋr banɛ paas (kumala, umala, ʻuala, etc.)[56], linɛ kɛ ka vɛɛnsidib ye li yinɛ pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact ni. [57]Vɛɛnsig nwaꞌ mɛ nyɛ paŋi yinɛ ban vɛɛnsi gɔs mɔɔg la tuŋ ka li an ala.[58]

Australia tɛŋin, ban kuod dankal siꞌa anɛ abija 'Beauregard',[59] linɛ da yi nɛ[60][61] Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station ni yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinnɛ ni (1981).[62]

New Zealand tɛŋin, Māori buudi da nyɛꞌɛd fʋomafʋoma ka ba paꞌad nɛ bʋʋlim la an piꞌelig,[63] linɛ ka ba gɔs ka ye li yinɛ European dim banɛ da tuud suor la ni na.[64] Ba buon ye kumara (yit nɛ Māori pianꞌad ni, kūmara), ban kuod sɔꞌ saŋa nwa anɛ bʋnziꞌan la 'Owairaka', amaa, ba mɛ kuod orange ('Beauregard'), gold, purple nɛ siꞌeba.[65][66]

Pa,alʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
The flowers, buds, and leaves of the sweet potato, which resemble those of the morning glory
Seeds


Zinꞌig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Mɔɔg la pʋ bɔɔd zinꞌig kanɛ maꞌad paa nɛ. Li nɔbigid sʋŋa zinꞌig banɛ ka tʋʋlig zɛnmis wʋʋ 24 °C (75 °F), ka nintaŋ mɛ bɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ yʋꞌʋŋyʋꞌʋŋ. Ka yʋʋm wʋsa saa makir bɛn an wʋʋ 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) zinꞌig ban ka li bɔɔd, ka li nɔbigir saŋa la mɛ an wan wʋʋ 500 mm (20 in). Bʋnbʋtir la pʋ bɔɔd kuonɔŋɔ, li yaꞌa pinꞌin nyɛꞌɛb la, wan wʋʋ dabpisnu paae dabpisyuobʋ saŋa (50–60 days) ka sɛɛb nyaꞌaŋ, li mɛ pʋ lɛn bɔɔd kuom alasaa, li yaꞌa kaꞌa ala nyɛꞌɛlim la na pʋnꞌɔe ka sanꞌam nyaꞌa la pɛbisim kae la zug.[67]

Li bɛnɛ zinꞌig la an siꞌem nɛ lin an dankal siꞌa, mɔɔd banɛ maan diib nyaꞌa ni maani ba diib lin yi nwadis ayi paae awai ni. fʋ yaꞌa gɔsi ba titua ka ba nyaŋi maal tɔꞌɔ li na nyaŋi ziꞌen zinꞌig banɛ ka tɛŋ la tul, ka ba siꞌeba an Eastern United States nɛ China. Dankal pʋ maan puum winnig yaꞌa yi hali tʋʋg hour piinɛyinnɛ, wan wʋʋ tʋʋlig la bɛ siꞌem zinꞌis siꞌeba la. Ba digini ba bʋnbuuda nɛ til, bɛɛ nyaꞌa bɛɛ o daʋg linɛ na ti bus vaand. Biꞌelim la ka ba lɛɛ mɔri bud ka li bʋnpaala yit nas.[68]

Ba nɔbigid sʋŋa ba yaꞌa nyɛt bʋnsiꞌeba ka mɛ mɔr dataas; ba pʋ bɔɔd tiim kanɛ puusidi kʋʋd mɔɔd la. Dankal bɔɔd tɛŋ sʋŋ zinꞌigin, zinꞌig kanɛ ka kuom pʋ diginida, ka nintaŋ bɛ- ka tɛŋ la kaꞌa kuga wala ka li zɛɛnsim an wan wʋʋ 4.5–7.0 mɔɔg la bɔɔd tɛŋ siꞌa la.[69] Fʋ tɔnꞌɔ sɛɛ li tɛnkanɛ ka kʋꞌʋlʋm kae ka mɛ niŋ bugulum biꞌela. amaa, dankal pʋ bɔɔd zɛɛnsim siꞌebaa ka linɛ ka ba buon aluminium toxicity la ka na kpi bakwai ayuobʋ yela ka sɛɛb nyaꞌaŋ fʋ yaꞌa pʋ gɛndig linɛ buon lime la sɛ zinꞌig ban buudi nii.[69] Ban sɛɛ di ba ka kaꞌa linɛ bʋd la, dankal sɛɛb pʋ tɔi ya. Vaand la yaꞌa ti bus, li bɔɔd kuob biꞌela. Tiim kanɛ ka ba mɔri puusidi yisid mɔɔd banɛ paas dankal  pʋʋgin anɛ DCPA, ka ba mɛ lɛn buon ye Dacthal. Tɛŋ banɛ ni ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, fʋ tɔnꞌɔ bas nyɛꞌɛlim la tɛŋin la ka tuud biꞌelbiꞌel dʋgʋd bɛɛ kuosid. Tʋʋlig zinꞌis la ni, ba bʋd dankal nɛ pɔtitada ni ka tuud ka maꞌasig saŋa nyaan paad.

Ba kuod dankal maꞌasig nɛ tʋʋlig saŋa wʋsa kuom yaꞌa bɛ ka ba na nyaŋi vue.[70] Dankal da yi paalʋ na an diib bʋn bɛnɛ Pacific Ocean, South India, Uganda nɛ Africa tɛŋ siꞌeba ni.[71]

Dankal buudi yinnɛ kanɛ ka ba buon boniato ka Caribbean dim kuod; li bʋʋlim la wan wʋʋ cream-color an siꞌem, lin pʋ wanna abija bɛɛ banɛ kpɛlim ka ba kuod la. Boniatos pʋ malis ka mɔr kuom wan wʋʋ dankal siꞌebaa, amaa ba malisim la bɛɛ li kɔnꞌ nɛ onɛ mɔr orange color la.

Sweet potato production – 2020
Country Production

(millions of tonnes)

China 48.9
Malawi 6.9
Tanzania 4.4
Angola 1.7
Ethiopia 1.6
World 89.5
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[72]

Dankal paas saalib banɛ bɛ U.S. diib pʋʋgin bɛ ba kudumin dim yela ni, li kaskas anɛ li yadagɔbʋg-nyaꞌaŋ. Ban did dankal siꞌem bɛ United States anɛ wan wʋʋ 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb) yʋʋm pʋʋgin, kɛŋ paae 13 kg (29 lb) yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisi ni (1920). "Dankal banɛ an dɔnbuulum buudi la (dankal kanɛ zuoe bɛ US) da nyɛ nidib siakir bɛdigʋ gaad banɛ an yellow bɛɛ purple nam la."[73] nidib da pʋ nɔŋ Purple nɛ yellow dankalnam wan wʋʋ ban nɔŋ orange dankal siꞌem la "daasiꞌerɛ nidib la miilim nɛ orange color ka dankal la color mɛ an ala."[73]

Fʋ yaꞌa kɛŋ yadagɔbʋg-yaꞌnyaꞌaŋ U.S., ba da yisid ku'om la nɛ ka basidi li ka li nyaŋi digini yuug, ka malisim paas, ka maal ningbina sʋŋa, ka bas ka zinꞌig banɛ kiꞌa tuub saŋa la da kɛ ka li sanꞌam.[74] Fun na niŋ siꞌem sʋꞌa nɛꞌɛ tituaa anɛ fʋn na dɛlig linɛ ka fʋ tu paalim la tɛŋin hour ayi bɛɛ atanꞌ ka suꞌa li zinꞌig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an 29–32 °C (85–90 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ lin yi da ba nu paae piinɛnaasi. Dankal banɛ ka ba sʋꞌa sʋꞌʋŋa na nyaŋi bɛ paae nwadis piinɛ atanꞌ fʋ yaꞌa sʋꞌa li zinꞌig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an wan wʋʋ 13–15 °C (55–59 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ. waad sanꞌamid nyɛꞌɛlim la nɛ.[75][76]

kuob

Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi ni (2020), dunia wʋsa dankal kuob da anɛ  89 million tonnes, ka tɛŋ kanɛ da kua gaad o taaba an China da mɔr nɛ pisnu nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (55%) dankal kanɛ bɛ dunia wʋsa. Banɛ da dɔl nyaꞌaŋ  da anɛ Malawi, Tanzania, nɛ Nigeria.[72] Li anɛ di kanɛ paasa anu ni ka tɛnbanɛ nan nɔbigid la kuod.[77] Ba maan vɛɛnsig ye ba yina nɛ dankal banɛ na nyaŋi nyɛꞌɛ yaarim zinꞌig ban na niŋ siꞌem ka saa nɛ nintaŋ da sanꞌami baa.[77][78]

Banꞌas

Dankal banꞌas anɛ Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus).[79] Li yaꞌa laꞌas nɛ banꞌas siꞌebanam, Untiveros et al., 2007 da vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka SPCSV maligim mɔr paŋ hali sanꞌamidi ba.[79] I. batatas namisid nɛ Phytophthoras banꞌas ka ba siꞌeba an P. carotovorum, P. odoriferum, nɛ P. wasabiae.[80]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Biim

Sweet potato, cooked, baked in skin, without salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 378 kJ (90 kcal)
Carbohydrates 20.7 g
Starch 7.05 g
Sugars 6.5 g
Dietary fiber 3.3 g
Fat 0.15 g
Protein 2.0 g
show

Vitamins and minerals

Other constituents Quantity
Water 75.8 g
"Sweet potato". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[81] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[82]
Raw sweet potato
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 359 kJ (86 kcal)
Carbohydrates 20.1 g
Starch 12.7 g
Sugars 4.2 g
Dietary fiber 3 g
Fat 0.1 g
Protein 1.6 g
show

Vitamins and minerals

Other constituents Quantity
Water 77.3 g
"Sweet potato, raw". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[81] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[82]

Dankal kanɛ ka ba dug (ka ba sɛnꞌɛ) mɔr kuom 76%, 21% carbohydrates, 2% protein, nɛ kpaam finn).  Fʋ yaꞌa nɔk 100 gram, dankal sɛnꞌɛda tisid 90 calories, ka mɔr (20% bɛɛ li gaad ala, Daily Value, DV) mɔr vitamin A (120% DV), vitamin C (24% DV), manganese (24% DV), nɛ vitamin B6 (20% DV). Ka laꞌabama mɛ bɛ biꞌela (10–19% DV) an B vitamins nɛ potassium. Sikir kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la wʋʋ pisnu paae piswai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (50% and 90% ) an sikir kanɛ ka ba buon sucrose.[83] Maltose pʋ zuoe li pʋʋginɛ, amaa fʋ yaꞌa tʋligi li bugum ni, li na kɛ ka maltose kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la nɔbig an wʋʋ piiga paae pisi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10% nɛ 20% tɛnsʋk).[83]

Dankal buudi banɛ ka ba bʋʋlim la color an sabilig biꞌela la mɔr beta-carotene (nwaꞌ tiꞌakid nɛ kilimid vitamin A, fʋ yaꞌa dii li) gaad banɛ mɔr bʋʋlim la ka li pɛlig, ka ba kpɛmisid Africa dim ye ba kuꞌa bɔzugɔ anina ka vitamin A an yela ka li an banꞌasi tis nidib. [84]Dankal vaand la anɛ diib bʋn ka fʋ na nyaŋi dʋgi li wan wʋʋ zɛnmaꞌasa nɛ.[84]

makir ne disi'eba

Tebul kanɛ bɛ tɛŋir la paꞌal nɛ dankal nɛ di siꞌeba ka ba diti ba siꞌem[G] ba yaꞌa an kpiꞌemis, ban nyaŋi baŋ kuom kanɛ bɛ diib woo pʋʋgin la zug. Baa Dankal pʋ tisid paŋ wala sa bɛɛ maan ningbina wala sa fʋ yaꞌa nɔki ba mak nɛ biꞌelim diib tɛbisim pʋʋgin, li maan ningbina gat biꞌelim diib.[85]

Vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization vɛɛns la paꞌal ye dankal anɛ dikanɛ ka fʋ na nyaŋi sɛꞌ fʋ pɔɔgin, ka li nyɛꞌɛd wan wʋʋ 70,000 kcal hectare pʋʋgin (28,000/acre) / day.[86]

Ningbina diib kanɛ bɛ diibnam zinꞌis piiga ba kuom la yaꞌa yi[87]
Staple Kawɛnna (corn)[A] mui, white[B] Wheat[C] Potatoes[D] Cassava[E] bɛŋa, green[F] Dankal[G] Busa[Y] Sorghum[H] Plantain[Z] RDA
Kuom (%) 10 12 13 79 60 68 77 70 9 65
Raw grams per 100 g dry weight 111 114 115 476 250 313 435 333 110 286
Nutrient
Paŋ (kJ) 1698 1736 1574 1533 1675 1922 1565 1647 1559 1460 8,368–10,460
Protein (g) 10.4 8.1 14.5 9.5 3.5 40.6 7.0 5.0 12.4 3.7 50
Fat (g) 5.3 0.8 1.8 0.4 0.7 21.6 0.2 0.6 3.6 1.1 44–77
Carbohydrates (g) 82 91 82 81 95 34 87 93 82 91 130
Fiber (g) 8.1 1.5 14.0 10.5 4.5 13.1 13.0 13.7 6.9 6.6 30
Sikir (g) 0.7 0.1 0.5 3.7 4.3 0.0 18.2 1.7 0.0 42.9 minimal
Minerals [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA
Calcium (mg) 8 32 33 57 40 616 130 57 31 9 1,000
Iron (mg) 3.01 0.91 3.67 3.71 0.68 11.09 2.65 1.80 4.84 1.71 8
Magnesium (mg) 141 28 145 110 53 203 109 70 0 106 400
Phosphorus (mg) 233 131 331 271 68 606 204 183 315 97 700
Potassium (mg) 319 131 417 2005 678 1938 1465 2720 385 1426 4700
Sodium (mg) 39 6 2 29 35 47 239 30 7 11 1,500
Zinc (mg) 2.46 1.24 3.05 1.38 0.85 3.09 1.30 0.80 0.00 0.40 11
Copper (mg) 0.34 0.25 0.49 0.52 0.25 0.41 0.65 0.60 - 0.23 0.9
Manganese (mg) 0.54 1.24 4.59 0.71 0.95 1.72 1.13 1.33 - - 2.3
Selenium (μg) 17.2 17.2 81.3 1.4 1.8 4.7 2.6 2.3 0.0 4.3 55
Vitamins [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA
Vitamin C (mg) 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.8 51.5 90.6 10.4 57.0 0.0 52.6 90
Thiamin (B1) (mg) 0.43 0.08 0.34 0.38 0.23 1.38 0.35 0.37 0.26 0.14 1.2
Riboflavin (B2) (mg) 0.22 0.06 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.56 0.26 0.10 0.15 0.14 1.3
Niacin (B3) (mg) 4.03 1.82 6.28 5.00 2.13 5.16 2.43 1.83 3.22 1.97 16
Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) 0.47 1.15 1.09 1.43 0.28 0.47 3.48 1.03 - 0.74 5
Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.69 0.18 0.34 1.43 0.23 0.22 0.91 0.97 - 0.86 1.3
Folate Total (B9) (μg) 21 9 44 76 68 516 48 77 0 63 400
Vitamin A (IU) 238 0 10 10 33 563 4178 460 0 3220 5000
Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg) 0.54 0.13 1.16 0.05 0.48 0.00 1.13 1.30 0.00 0.40 15
Vitamin K1 (μg) 0.3 0.1 2.2 9.0 4.8 0.0 7.8 8.7 0.0 2.0 120
Beta-carotene (μg) 108 0 6 5 20 0 36996 277 0 1306 10500
Lutein+zeaxanthin (μg) 1506 0 253 38 0 0 0 0 0 86 6000
Fats [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA
Saturated fatty acids (g) 0.74 0.20 0.30 0.14 0.18 2.47 0.09 0.13 0.51 0.40 minimal
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) 1.39 0.24 0.23 0.00 0.20 4.00 0.00 0.03 1.09 0.09 22–55
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) 2.40 0.20 0.72 0.19 0.13 10.00 0.04 0.27 1.51 0.20 13–19
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [Y] [H] [Z] RDA

AKawɛnkansa banɛ an dɔnbuulum

B Mui kansa banɛ wa'am ka an piela

C Ki zin'a kanɛ kpi'em tuulug saŋa

D Dankal kansa banɛ mɔr buulum nɛ gbaŋ

E Banki kansa

F Maagi banɛ an dɛn'ɛn la kansa

G Dankal kansa

H Bɛlikɔ kansa

Y Buskansa

ZBoodie kansa

Diib dʋgʋb

Dankal la nyɛꞌɛlim an bʋnlinɛ pak bʋnbʋtir nwaꞌ ni. zinꞌig banɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, nyɛꞌɛlim la anɛ diibi tis buud siꞌeba. Ba dʋgʋd nyɛꞌɛlim la ka nyaan dit lin na niŋ siꞌem ka li maal ningbiŋ diib sʋꞌʋŋa ka buoe ningbiŋ la ni, amaa America nidib banɛ da mugusidi ba taaba bɛ yadagɔbʋg-yatuona da ɔnbid dankal kansa ka li an ba diib.[88]

Li vaand la nɛ li vanpɔla la anɛ zɛɛnd kanɛ malis hali. Fʋ tɔꞌɔe nɔki ba vankʋda la tis bʋnkɔnbid ka ba ɔnb.[89]

Africa

Amukeke (linɛ ka ba sɛ dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) nɛ inginyo (linɛ ka ba buꞌari dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) anɛ diibi tis ninbanɛ bɛ yadatiʋŋ-yaꞌnyaꞌaŋ Uganda tɛŋin.[89] Amukeke anɛ bɛʋgin diib, ka ba dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd. Inginyo anɛ linɛ ka ba laꞌasid nɛ bankyi zɔꞌɔm nɛ punsa maan atapa. Nidib dʋgʋd atapa nɛ zimi banɛ ka ba ɔɔnl ka dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd bɛɛ cowpea vaand kpiꞌemis ka ba nɔki paas sʋnma zɛɛnd ni. Emukaru (earth-baked root) anɛ linɛ ka ba dit saŋa wʋsa lin nɛ tea bɛɛ suma zɛɛnd. Ba mɛ mɔri li maan diib bɛdigʋ bɛ South Sudan.

Vaand la, banɛ an pɔla la mɔri dʋgʋd zɛɛndi bɛ tɛɛns banɛ bɛ West African la (Guinea, Sierra Leone nɛ Liberia, ba siꞌeba la), nɛ yadatiʋŋ-yaꞌnyaꞌaŋ Uganda, East Africa.[89] nwaꞌ dɔl nɛ FAO leaflet No. 13 – 1990, dankal vaand nɛ nyɛꞌɛlim la anɛ diib kanɛ mɔr vitamins A, C, and B2 (riboflavin), ka vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka  A. Khachatryan maal la paꞌal ye li mɔr linɛ ka naꞌasaanam buon lutein la.

Kenya tɛŋin, Rhoda Nungo onɛ bɛ economics department Ministry of Agriculture sɔb gbaŋ kanɛ paꞌan dankal ka ba mɔri maan disiꞌeba.[90] Nwaꞌ pʋʋgin paꞌanɛ linɛ ka ba tuꞌa ka li kʋdʋg nɛ linɛ ka ba nɛɛm ka li kilim zɔꞌɔm ka ba nɔki li ka li diꞌe sikir nɔbir ka ba mɔri sɛnꞌɛd diib wan wʋʋ cake, chapatis, mandazis, bodobodo, buns nɛ cookies. Ba mɔr banɛ ka ba kala an orange la nyɛꞌɛlim la maan daam ka siꞌeba mɛ mɔri ba kiimid ka ba ɔnbid.

Egypt tɛŋin, dankal nyɛꞌɛlim ka ba buon batata (بطاطا‎) anɛ dikanɛ bɛ zinꞌig wʋsa waad saŋa, ka banɛ bɛ suoyanamin la sɛꞌɛdi kuosidi tisid Nidib banɛ dɔl Nile koldaagin la gad.[91] Nidib mɔr onɛ ka o kala an orange la nɛ onɛ an piꞌelig la nyɛꞌɛlim maan diib. Ba mɛ sɛnꞌɛdiba yaan ka mɔr siindi gɛndigid ka ba yaꞌa di diibi naae ka nɔki saae nɔɔr.

Ethiopia tɛŋin, dankal buudi kanɛ ka ba kuod anina titaꞌam anɛ banɛ ka ba pak la an sabilik, ka nyɛꞌɛlim la kala an wan wʋʋ cream ka ba buoni li bitatis bɛɛ mitatis. Ba kuodi ba bɛ yaꞌnyaꞌaŋ nɛ yadagɔbʋg kʋkʋna ni ka tuud saa wakad (Sigir/Mɔraug). Yʋʋm banɛ gaad la, banɛ ka ba nyɛꞌɛlim kala an orange da yina, ka banɛ da yisi li na an Haramaya University ka ban da an sʋm ka sikir pʋ zuoe pʋʋginɛ ka mɛ mɔr vitamin A bɛdigʋ.[92] Nidib bɛdigʋ dʋgid dankal ka nyaan dit.

South Africa tɛŋin, ba pʋ dit dankal maꞌa nɛ, ba lɛɛ paasidi li nɛ disiꞌeba ni ka ba yinnɛ an soetpatats.

Asia

East Asia tɛŋin, dankal sɛnꞌɛda anɛ dinɛ ka di yʋꞌʋr yi hali ba tɛnkpɛmisin. China sʋꞌʋlim, dankal, banɛ an dɔnbʋʋlim la, ba sɛnꞌɛdi ba kʋnt gbila pʋʋgin kuosid waad saŋa. Korea tɛŋin, dankal, ka ba buon ye goguma, anɛ dikanɛ ka ba sɛnꞌɛd, ba saꞌani ba siꞌel pʋʋgin bɛɛ bugum piꞌelim zugʋ kuosid, li kaskas anɛ waad saŋa. Japan tɛŋin, ban maani li siꞌem ka li dɔl wʋʋ Korea dim maalig la, ban buon ye yaki-imo (dankal sɛnꞌɛda), ba mɔr nɛ linɛ ka bʋʋlim an dɔnbʋʋlim la "Japanese dankal" bɛɛ onɛ an purple la "Okinawan dankal", ka ba buon ye beni-imo.

Dankal zɛnꞌɛd, ka ba dit waad saŋa la, anɛ dankal ka ba dʋg kuom ni ka gɛndig sikir nɛ ginger. Fujian cuisine nɛ Taiwanese cuisine ni, ba dʋgʋd dankal nɛ mui maan kɔɔkɔ. Dankal kanɛ ka ba waae nɛ dinɛ ka ba dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg anɛ diib hali tis Liancheng County. Dankal vaand la anɛ diibi tis Taiwanese cuisine, ka ba dʋgʋd bɛɛ kiimid kpaam biꞌela pʋʋgin dit nɛ garlic nɛ maagi diib, bɛɛ ban niŋ yaarim ka nyaan gbinꞌes. Nwaꞌ nɛ dankal diib bɛdigʋ bɛ bento (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piān-tong) diib kuosʋg zinꞌis ni. Northeastern Chinese cuisine ni, ba nwaasid dankal nɛ biꞌelbiꞌel ka kiimid, ka nyaan kwaꞌae niŋ zɛnꞌɛd kanɛ pʋn dʋgʋd pʋʋgin.[93]

Sʋꞌʋlim siꞌeba banɛ bɛ India tɛŋin, ba sɛnꞌɛd dankal bugum saana ni yʋꞌʋŋ ka pigisidi dit, amaa banɛ bɛ yadagɔbʋg la on ɛɛti dʋg nɛ kuomin ka li biꞌik ka ba nyaan pigis paꞌad la, ka nwaasi la gbila gbila dʋg nɛ zɛnmaꞌasa. Indian sʋꞌʋlim kanɛ ka ba buon Tamil Nadu ni, ba buoni li ye sakkara valli kilangu. Ba dʋgʋdi li dit yʋꞌʋŋ. India zinꞌig siꞌeba ni, ba nwaasid dankal maꞌasa nɛ dɛligid ka nɛɛmid ka li kilid dankal zɔꞌɔm; ka ba nɔk wheat zɔꞌɔm gɛndig ka sɛnꞌɛ li ka li kilim chapatti (bodobodo). Dankal banɛ ka ba kuod India tɛŋin piinɛnu nɛ pisi kɔbiga pʋʋgin, ba ɛɛti tiꞌaki li nɛ ka li kilim bʋnɔnbida. Siꞌeba kuod dankal la ye ba diis bʋnkɔnbid nɛ niigi.[7]

Pakistan tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye shakarqandi ka ba mɛ dʋgʋdi li nɛ zɛnmaꞌasa zɛnꞌɛd ka lɛn an niꞌim zɛnꞌɛd (nua niꞌim, pɛꞌɛg niꞌim, bɛɛ naaf niꞌim). Dankal banɛ ka ba sɛnꞌɛd nɛ saana la anɛ diib ka ba kuosid bɛ Pakistani bazaars li kaskas anɛ waad saŋa.[94]

Sri Lanka tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye bathala, ka ba mɔri maan bɛʋgʋn diib (ba ɔnbid dankal dʋgʋda nɛ kube kuom) bɛɛ ba dʋgi li di kɔnꞌ di nɛ mui.

Dankal nyɛꞌɛlim la, ka Dhivehi dim buon ye kattala, ba mɔri li ka li an dikpɛŋi bɛ Maldives. Ba nwaad vaand la paasidi maan diib ka yinnɛ an mas huni.[95]

Japan tɛŋin, ba kuod dankal (ka ba buon satsuma-imo) nɛ busa (ka ba buon daijo bɛɛ beni-imo). Ban dʋgʋd siꞌem anɛ ba dʋg ka di lɛꞌɛg kuom pʋʋgin, sɛnꞌɛb nɛ waar. Ba mɛ lɛn kiimid diib anina. Daigaku-imo (ja:大学芋) anɛ ba yaꞌa sɛnꞌɛ dankal ka paas sikir bɛɛ bʋnmalisiŋ siꞌa. Lin malis ka tabis la zug, ba mɔri li bɛ imo-kinton nɛ ba dimalisima, ka yinnɛ an ofukuimo. Ka ba buoni li ye "sweet potato" (ja:スイートポテト) Japan tɛŋin, li anɛ cake kanɛ ka ba nɔk Dankali nɛɛm maal. Shōchū, anɛ Japanese dim diib kanɛ ka ba mɔr mui kanɛ miꞌigi maan, ba mɛ tɔꞌɔn nɔk Dankal li maal, ka ba buon lin ye imo-jōchū. Imo-gohan, ba yaꞌa dʋg dankal nɛ mui, anɛ dinɛ ka di yʋꞌʋr yi Guangdong, Taiwan nɛ Japan tɛɛns ni. Ba diti li nimono bɛɛ nitsuke pʋʋg, dʋgʋ li ka paas soy sauce, mirin nɛ dashi.

Korean cuisine ni, ba mɔr dankal titabid la maan dangmyeon (cellophane taliya). Ba dʋgʋd dankal kuomin ka li lɛꞌɛg, ka walisid ka mɛ lɛn sɛnꞌɛd, ka nyɛꞌɛlim banɛ an baanlig la ka ba dit ka li buon namul. Pizza kuosig zinꞌis ni wan wʋʋ Pizza Hut nɛ Domino banɛ bɛ Korea tɛŋin mɔr dankal li paꞌan zugin. Korean dim dikanɛ ka di yʋꞌʋr yi ka ba buon, goguma-mattang, ka ba lɛn buon ye Korean candied dankal la, ba kiimid dankal la nɛ nwaasi ba bɛdabɛda ka nɔk sikiri bʋlʋgi li.

Malaysia nɛ Singapore, ba nwaasid dankal nɛ banꞌalig ka dʋgi li nɛ taro nɛ kube kuom (santan) ka dikanɛ ka di kilimid la yʋꞌʋr an bubur cha cha. Ban dʋgʋd dankal siꞌem ka nidib nɔŋi li anɛ fʋn na nwaasinwaasi li kiim, ka diti li nɛ tea. Yaan la, ba dʋgʋd dankal nɛ kuom pʋʋgin. Dankal vaand la Malaysia dim kiimid din nɛ garlic maꞌa bɛɛ sambal belacan.

Philippines tɛŋin, dankal (ka ba buudi pianꞌad ni an camote bɛɛ kamote) anɛ dikpɛŋ hali tis banɛ bɛ tɛnkpɛmisin la. Li anɛ dikanɛ ka banɛ an tidimnam la titaꞌam dit daar wʋsa bɔzugɔ li kuob pʋ tɔi wan wʋʋ mui.[96] Ba dʋgʋdi li nɛ bɛɛ ban sɛnꞌɛ li bugum saana ni ka nɔki li lɔs sikir pʋʋgin bɛɛ zɛnꞌɛdin di. Vanpɔla nɛ buspaala la (ka ba buon ye talbos ng kamote bɛɛ camote tops) anɛ diibi tisi ba ka ba sɛɛdi niŋid salad nii gɛndig nɛ zɛɛnd kanɛ ka ba nɔk zimi maal. Ba siꞌeba dʋgʋdi li kuomiꞌisim ni nɛ zɛnꞌɛd kanɛ ka ba nɔk bɛŋa maal ka diti li nɛ ziŋkiꞌima (ka ba buon ye adobong talbos ng kamote), bɛɛ ba di nɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba buon sinigang.[96] Kuom kanɛ ka ba siligidi yit camote tops ni la kala anɛ purple, ka ba gɛndigidi li nɛ lemon kuom nud. Ba kuosid dankal suor nɔya ni nɛ tɛnkpɛmisin. Ba mɔr sikiri bʋlʋgʋd dankal kiꞌima kuosid ka li an nintaŋ diib.[97] Ba mɔr dankal li maan halo-halo linɛ ka ba buon ginatan, lin anɛ ba dʋg dankal la nɛ kube kuom pʋʋgin nɛ sikir kanɛ ka ba gɛndig siꞌelnam wan wʋʋ rootcrops, sago, jackfruit, nɛ bilu-bilo (glutinous rice balls).[98] Bodobodo kanɛ ka ba nɔk dankal li maal yʋꞌʋr mɛ yi ya hali. Dankal kuob anɛ naꞌanaꞌa, ka tɛnkpɛmisin ka ba bɛ bɛdigʋ kuosuoya ni. linɛ ka ba pʋ sɛɛ ka li yii li mɛŋ la anɛ kurkurnam din.

Indonesia tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye ubi jalar (lit: "nyɛꞌɛlim kanɛ tɛɛnd") bɛɛ ubi giŋa, ka ba kiimid nɛ laꞌasiꞌeba dit nɛ kodu kiꞌimi, tempeh, tahu, breadfruit, bɛɛ cassava. Kʋkʋna banɛ bɛ West Papua ni la, dankal anɛ ba dikpɛŋ. Ba dɔlisid nɛ bakar batu dʋgʋb suor, tampiins banɛ nyʋꞌʋe bugum ka ba lɔbidi niŋid bʋnbɔk kanɛ ka vaand bɛɛ li pʋʋgin. Dankal ka ba pak, ka laꞌas zɛnvaand, nɛ kurkur niꞌim tampiing zug. Ba nɔkid vaand bɛdigʋ paꞌani li zugin, ka dʋgi li hour nam bɛdigʋ ka li kɛ ka tʋʋlig la nyaŋi nwɛꞌɛ dʋg laꞌabanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la.

Vietnamese cuisine tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye khoai lang ka ba dʋgʋd nɛ laꞌamalisa wan wʋʋ corn syrup, siind, sikir, bɛɛ molasses.[99]

Dankal vanpɔla la ka ba mɔri maan biis diib, li kaskas anɛ Southeast Asia nɛ East Asia.[100][101] Dankal kanɛ ka ba nɛɛm mɛ bɛ dunia wʋsa.[102]

United States
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dankal kanɛ ka ba bʋlʋg sikir mɛ anɛ dikanɛ ka ba mɔri dit nɛ disiꞌeba ka ba maan nɛ brown sugar, marshmallows, maple syrup, molasses, orange juice, marron glacé, bɛɛ laꞌabanɛ malis siꞌeba. Ba diti li US titaꞌam nɛ bareka pʋꞌʋsim saŋa. Dankal casserole anɛ dikanɛ ka ba nɔk dankal kanɛ ka ba tuꞌa nɛ casserole maal, ka ba bʋlʋg nɛ sikir bɛɛ pecan.[103]

Dankal anɛ dikanɛ ka nidib nɔŋi li hali bɛ French nɛ Spanish tɛŋ dimi bɛ zinꞌig siꞌa, ka li paꞌal ye ba da pinꞌili li kuob hali bɛnɛ Louisiana.[104] Tɛŋ banɛ gɔs ka dankal an tɛŋ la zɛnvaadi hali anɛ Alabama,[105] Louisiana,[106] nɛ North Carolina.[107] Dankal kiꞌima anɛ dikpɛŋ hali tis Southern U.S. cuisine. Dankal kiꞌima la buudi siꞌa anɛ Okinawan sweet potato haupia pie, linɛ ka ba nɔk dankal kanɛ an purple la maal.

Ba da pinꞌil dankal kiimig nɛ nineteenth century sa bɛ United States.[108] Dankal kiꞌima maalig pʋ tɔe ya ka anɛ ban na kiimi li kpaam pʋʋgin. Ba da sɛnꞌɛd dankal banɛ ka ba buꞌar bɛɛ nwaas ka nɔki lɔs kpaam pʋʋgin yaae ka tʋʋlʋgi li nɛ bugum yiiga bɛnɛ United States 21st century pinꞌilig saŋa, diib kanɛ ka ba buon "dankal kiꞌima". Ba mɔr dankal dʋgʋda kanɛ ka ba nɛɛm ka li bʋlʋgi paasid disiꞌeba pʋʋgin dit, li kaskas anɛ ba yaꞌa laꞌas ye ba maal malisim bɛɛ banɛ sɛnꞌɛd niꞌim zinꞌisin.

Ba buon John Bettencourt Avila ye "dankal kpaadib yaab" bɛ North America.[109][110]

Oceania

Māori dim buudi da kua ba kɔꞌɔbkɔꞌɔb bʋnbaalig, banɛ paꞌadi an dɔnbʋʋlim, ka ba zɛm wʋʋ nuꞌubil nɛ ka ba buon kūmara (ka li yʋda siꞌeba an taputini,[111] taroamahoe, pehu, hutihuti, and rekamaroa[112]) banɛ ka ba da mɔri yi Polynesia tɛŋin na. Ba vɛɛn vɛɛnsa gɔs ka li an ye banɛ an baanlig la maan sʋꞌʋŋa,[113] amaa America nidib banɛ da tuud suori dɔlisid kuomin da mɔr bʋnbɛda na 19th century pinꞌilig saŋa, ka ba da yadig tɛŋ tɔꞌɔtɔꞌ.[114][115][116][117]

Lin da waꞌae yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ ni la (2021), banɛ gɔsid kʋdʋmin laꞌad yela da vɛɛns ya ka ye dankal da pʋ nyaŋi maal titua bɛ New Zealand south linɛ bɛ Christchurch sʋꞌʋlim la ba tɛŋ la mɔr waad la zug, ka li da kɛ ka Māori buudi nidib la an (ban nɛ Moriori dim banɛ bɛ Chatham Islands) nimbanɛ bɛ Polynesian sʋꞌʋlim an tɔnꞌɔsnam. Amaa, yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ (2021) vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka ba da vɛɛnsi yi laꞌabanɛ ka ba nyɛ bʋnbɔk siꞌa ni ka li kpie Dunedin, an wʋʋ 250 km (160 mi) yaꞌdagɔbʋg, da paꞌal ye ba da kuod dankal ka suꞌadi li 15th century, ka li kuob nyaan da lɛb nyaꞌaŋ ka ba ye li anɛ waad yela.[32]

Māori dim buon dankal dʋgʋda ye kūmara ka ba ɛɛti sɛnꞌɛ li bɛ hāngī (sɛnꞌɛb dɔɔg). Ba nan maana ala ba yaꞌa laꞌas taaba ba laꞌasig zinꞌig kanɛ ka ba buon marae ni.

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1947), black rot (Ceratocystis fimbriata) da yi kūmara na bɛ Auckland tɛŋin baba ka nɔbig bɛdigʋ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnu nam saŋa la (1950s).[118] Joe nɛ Fay Gock da paam yinnɛ kanɛ ka wisiꞌeba pʋ tɔꞌɔe o. Ba da nɔki li tis tɛŋ la kpɛɛmnam, ka li da kɛ ka ba diꞌe piini kanɛ buon Bledisloe Cup yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ atanꞌ ni (2013).[119][120]

kūmara buudi la mɔr abʋtanꞌ ka ba kuosid New Zealand tɛŋin: 'Owairaka Red' ("red"), 'Toka Toka Gold' ("gold"), nɛ 'Beauregard' ("orange"). Tɛŋ la kuod dankal wan wʋʋ 24,000 metric tons yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin,[121] ka li titaꞌam, piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (97%) ba kuodi bɛnɛ Northland Region.[122] Dankal ka ba buon Kūmara la bɛ New Zealand tɛŋin saŋa wʋsa yʋʋm pʋʋgin, ka anina ka ba diꞌe potatoes nɔbir.[123]

Kūmara paas dibanɛ ka ba sɛnꞌɛd pʋʋgin, ka ba diti li nɛ cream kanɛ pʋ Malisa nɛ nanzʋꞌʋs. Ba diti li nɛ zɛnmaꞌasa wan wʋʋ potatoes nɛ yʋꞌa ka ba maan siꞌem la, ka ba maani li nɛ laꞌabanɛ na paas ka zɛnꞌɛd malis. Ba pɛꞌɛl zinꞌis banɛ ka ba kuosid laꞌad ni, zinꞌis banɛ ka ba sɛnꞌɛd diib bʋnamɛ kuosid nɛ bʋnbʋꞌad banɛ ka ba dʋgʋd ka ba buoni ba anina ye hāngī la ni.

Nidib banɛ an Urapmin buudi bɛ Papua New Guinea, buon dankal ye taro (ka Urap pianꞌad ni an ima) ka lɛn mɔr dankal yinnɛ (Urap: wan) anɛ dibanɛ sʋŋid hali, ka ban buon 'diib' nɛ sɔb siꞌa Urap pianꞌad ni la laꞌas nɛ yʋda ayiꞌ nwa.[124]

Europe

Veneto (northeast Italy) sʋꞌʋlim, ba buon dankal ye patata mericana, bɛ Venetian buudi pianꞌad ni (patata americana bɛ Italian buudi pianꞌad ni, ka li gbin an "America dankal"), ka ba kuodi li zinꞌis wʋsa bɛ yadagɔbʋg, region la ni;.[125][126]

Spain tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye boniato. Yʋꞌʋŋ kanɛ ka ba diꞌemid diꞌemkanɛ ka ba buon All Souls' Day, bɛ Catalonia (northeastern Spain) la, dikanɛ ka ba dit titaꞌam anɛ dankal sɛnꞌɛda nɛ chestnuts, panellets nɛ damalisiŋ. Ba buon tigir nwaꞌ ye La Castanyada.[127][128] Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ atanꞌ ni (2023), Spain da anɛ tɛŋ kanɛ kua dankal li gaadi o taaba bɛ Europe sʋꞌʋlim.[129]

South America

Peru sʋꞌʋlim, ba buon dankal ye camote ka ba dit nɛ zimi diib. Dankal kiꞌima anɛ dikanɛ ka ba kuosid zinꞌig wʋsa anina, suoyanam ni nɛ diib kuosig zinꞌis.

Dulce de batata anɛ dikanɛ ka Argentine, Paraguayan nɛ Uruguayan dit, ka li anɛ dankal ka ba nɔki maal. Li malis nɛ, ka lɛɛ kpiꞌem biꞌela ka ba mɔr sʋꞌʋgi nwaad biꞌelbiꞌeli dit.

Dunia wʋsa

Dunia wʋsa ni, dankal anɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba mɔri paasidi dʋgʋd mui nɛ disiꞌeba, li kaskas anɛ maki rolls. Onɛ da pinꞌili nɔk Dankal li paasi dʋg mui nɛ disiꞌeba anɛ Bun Lai onɛ bɛ Miya's Sushi ni, onɛ da maal dankal li gbilim ka gɛndig siꞌelnami li pʋʋg yiiga yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ piswai nam saŋa (1990s) on da bɔɔd ye o nɔk bʋnbʋtiri maal wan wʋʋ ban da mɔr zimi maan sushi rolls siꞌem la.[130][131][132]

Dʋgibʋ an siɛm siɛm

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dankal yaꞌa niŋ maꞌasʋg ni, li na kilim kpiꞌɛʋŋ. Fʋ tɔꞌɔn sɛꞌɛ zinꞌŋ kani ka tʋʋlʋg pʋ zʋoe bɛɛ zinꞌŋkanɛ ka tʋʋlig zʋoe ka li kɛ ka li malisimla yina kilim wɔɔ sikir nɛ.[133][134][135][136]

Yaꞌabig

Ba yaꞌab dankal bɛɛ camotes titaꞌam bɛ Peru sʋꞌʋlim ka buud banɛ maal la buon Moche buudi.[137]

Dyes

South America tɛŋin, ba laꞌasid dankal wiig la kuom nɛ lime juice mɔri maan dye maan fuud. Ba yaꞌa laꞌas bama kuom la, ba tɔꞌɔe maal fuud ka ba an wiid bɛɛ li buudi paae sabilig gba.[138] Dankal kanɛ an Purple la, ba mɔri maan diib ka li vɛnl.[139]

Kuom pʋʋg

Fʋ yaꞌa nwaae dankal vaand la, fʋ ye fʋ dinɛ bɛɛ fʋ yaꞌa bɔɔd ye li maal vɛnlim, ba na maal nyaꞌa kuom la pʋʋgin ka nɔbig anina, ka siꞌel kʋ maali baa, nintaŋ yaꞌa paadi ba ka ba mɛ paamid ban nar ye ba mɔr siꞌel ka nyaŋi nɔbig. Nwaꞌ yela, dankal sʋꞌʋm zinꞌig anɛ kuom zinꞌis banɛ bɛ yaan, ka li vaand la yi yiꞌiŋa ka nyaꞌa la baꞌa kuom la pʋʋgin, bɔzugɔ dinɛ kɛt ka ba nɔbigid tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ anina anɛ ammonia nɛ nitrates, bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ kuomin la bina, ka li yisidi li kuom la pʋʋgin. Nwaꞌ kɛt ka zimi vʋm an sʋꞌʋm kuom la pʋʋgin, ka li nyaꞌa la mɛ an sʋꞌak zinꞌigi tis zimi la.

Vɛnlim

Dankal banɛ ka ba bʋd vɛnlim yela ka ba bɛ tɛngbaŋ zug, container ni, bɛ bɛdnam pʋʋgin. Ba gɔsid o yʋʋm bɛn ni bɛ USDA hardiness Zone 9, ba nɔbigid tɔꞌɔtɔꞌ ka bʋsid vaandi yadigid tɔꞌɔtɔꞌ. Ba bɛ kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb kala pʋʋgin ka siꞌeba an dɛnꞌɛm, dɔnbʋʋlim, nɛ.[140] Dankal buudi banɛ ka ba gɔsidi ba vɛnlim yela siꞌeba anɛ 'Blackie', li maan pʋʋm gati o taaba.[141] Ba pʋ mɔr daʋŋi tis ninsaal ninsaal ningbiŋɔ, baa ba vaand la dit la, ba nyɛꞌɛlim la pʋ malisa.[142][143]



Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ Purseglove, John Williams (1968). Tropical crops: D. Longman Scientific and Technical. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-582-46666-1. [page needed]
  2. ↑ Woolfe, Jennifer A. (5 March 1992). Sweet Potato: An Untapped Food Resource. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (CUP) and the International Potato Center (CIP). ISBN 9780521402958.
  3. ↑ Keoke, Emory Dean; Porterfield, Kay Marie (2009). Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations. Infobase Publishing. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8160-4052-0.
  4. ↑ "Mystery of sweetpotato origin uncovered, as missing link plant found by Oxford research". University of Oxford. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Wells, Tom; Wood, John R. I.; Carruthers, Tom; Anglin, Noelle L.; Jarret, Robert L.; Scotland, Robert W. (22 January 2022). "Discovery and characterization of sweetpotato's closest tetraploid relative". New Phytologist. 234 (4): 1185–1194. Bibcode:2022NewPh.234.1185M. doi:10.1111/nph.17991. ISSN 0028-646X. PMC 9306577. PMID 35064679.
  6. ↑ "Pollinating Sweet Potatoes". Home Guides. SF Gate. 11 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  7. 1 2 Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (2009). The sweetpotato. Springer. pp. 391–425. ISBN 978-1-4020-9475-0.
  8. ↑ "Mystery of sweetpotato origin uncovered, as missing link plant found by Oxford research". University of Oxford. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  9. ↑ Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Wells, Tom; Wood, John R. I.; Carruthers, Tom; Anglin, Noelle L.; Jarret, Robert L.; Scotland, Robert W. (22 January 2022). "Discovery and characterization of sweetpotato's closest tetraploid relative". New Phytologist. 234 (4): 1185–1194. Bibcode:2022NewPh.234.1185M. doi:10.1111/nph.17991. ISSN 0028-646X. PMC 9306577. PMID 35064679.
  10. ↑ Geneflow 2009. Bioversity International. ISBN 9789290438137.
  11. ↑ "Sweet Potato". Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005.
  12. ↑ Austin, Daniel F. (1988). "The taxonomy, evolution and genetic diversity of sweet potatoes and related wild species". In P. Gregory (ed.). Exploration, Maintenance, and Utilization of Sweet Potato Genetic Resources. First Sweet Potato Planning Conference, 1987. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center. pp. 27–60. ISBN 9789290601159.
  13. ↑ Zhang, D.P.; Ghislain, M.; Huaman, Z.; Cervantes, J.C.; Carey, E.E. (1999). "AFLP Assessment of Sweetpotato Genetic Diversity in Four Tropical American Regions" (PDF). International Potato Center (CIP) Program Report 1997-1998. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center (CIP). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014.
  14. ↑ Morales Rodríguez, Alfredo; Alfredo Morales Tejón; Dania Rodríguez del Sol; Iván J. Pastrana; Claudia A. Méndez (2017). "Origen, evolución y distribución del boniato (Ipomoea batatas (l.) Lam.). Una revisión". Agricultura Tropical (in Spanish). 3 (1): 1–13. ISSN 2517-9292.
  15. ↑ Engel, Fréderic (1970). "Exploration of the Chilca Canyon". Current Anthropology. 11: 55–58. doi:10.1086/201093. S2CID 144317617.
  16. ↑ Perry, L. (2002). "Starch granule size and the domestication of manioc (Manihot esculenta) and Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)". Economic Botany. 56 (4): 345–349. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0335:SGSATD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 32462935.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Kyndt, Tina; Quispea, Dora; Zhaic, Hong; Jarretd, Robert; Ghislainb, Marc; Liuc, Qingchang; Gheysena, Godelieve; Kreuzeb, Jan F. (20 April 2015). "The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: An example of a naturally transgenic food crop". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18): 5844–5849. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.5844K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1419685112. PMC 4426443. PMID 25902487.
  18. ↑ "Sweet potato is a natural GMO". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  19. ↑ Doucleff, Michaeleen (5 May 2015). "Natural GMO? Sweet Potato Genetically Modified 8,000 Years Ago". NPR. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  20. ↑ Lebot, Vincent (2020). Tropical Root and Tuber Crops : Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK Boston, USA: CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). p. 541. ISBN 978-1-78924-336-9. OCLC 1110672215.
  21. ↑ Soucy, Shannon M.; Huang, Jinling; Gogarten, Johann Peter (17 July 2015). "Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life". Nature Reviews Genetics. 16 (8). Nature Portfolio: 472–482. doi:10.1038/nrg3962. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 26184597. S2CID 6794788.
  22. ↑ Andersen, Martin Marchman; Landes, Xavier; Xiang, Wen; Anyshchenko, Artem; Falhof, Janus; Østerberg, Jeppe Thulin; Olsen, Lene Irene; Edenbrandt, Anna Kristina; Vedel, Suzanne Elizabeth; Thorsen, Bo Jellesmark; Sandøe, Peter; Gamborg, Christian; Kappel, Klemens; Palmgren, Michael G. (2015). "Feasibility of new breeding techniques for organic farming". Trends in Plant Science. 20 (7). Cell Press: 426–434. Bibcode:2015TPS....20..426A. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 26027462. S2CID 205454618.
  23. ↑ "Batatas, Not Potatoes". Botgard.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  24. ↑ Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.; Anderson, Atholl J. (27 December 2010). "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (5): 1815–1820. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.1815W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015876108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3033267. PMID 21187404. For example, the earliest presence of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Mangaia, Cook Islands, dated to A.D. 1210–1400 and was regarded as a late occurrence
  25. ↑ van Tilburg, Jo Anne (1994). Easter Island: Archaeology, ecology, and culture. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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  27. ↑ Lizzie Wade (8 July 2020). "Polynesians steering by the stars met Native Americans long before Europeans arrived". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abd7159. S2CID 225642378. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
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