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Duan

Di yinɛ Wikipiidia
Duan
taxon
Subclass ofuseful plant Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Short nameP. biglobosa Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameParkia biglobosa Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankspecies Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonParkia Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has basionymMimosa biglobosa Dɛmisim gbɛlima
IUCN conservation statusLC Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Subject has roletype species Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Nomenclatural type ofParkia Dɛmisim gbɛlima
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=26777 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Duan Parkia biglobosa, African locust bean[1] tiig la anɛ tiikanɛ an deciduous tiig ka bɛ Fabaceae buudi la ni. Fט na nyɛ tiig kaŋa nɛ ka ba bɛ Africa bɛdigט ka mɔr o diib la ka li malis hali ka mɔr biilsטma. Bam kuod ti kaŋa lɔsia la, bam nwa'ad ka pɔn'ɔŋ ni o biili la siem la pa'an ni o tטטma an sטm siem. Tiig la zin'isnam la bɛdigט mɔri maan tima nɛ diib. din an tikanɛ zi'e sappi la zugɔɔ, di wɛla la sטŋid nɛ diib nam bɛdigט banɛ ka ba budi kpi'eli di nwɛnii leguminous tiis.

Pa'alʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Parkia biglobosa anɛ dicotyledonous angiosperm kanɛ yit Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae - Mimosoid clade) buudi la ni na.[2] di anɛ deciduous perennial dinɛ nɔbigi ka o wa'alim an 7 nɛ 20 metres,[3] Saŋa sieba ba wa'alim tun'e paae 30 metres.[4] Tiig kaŋa anɛ tiig kanɛ pט zɔt bugim ka li anɛ om mɔr pak kanɛ an sabili wilim-wilim ka kpi'em la zu.[3] Tiig la wɛla la, anɛ dinɛ ka tia'am buoni li ye locust beans, ka mɔr zɛnwiid sin'im di sin'iŋirin, ka ti lɛ kilim sabil wiiט di ya'a ti yט'טm gu tituaa la. Ba wa'alim anɛ 30-40 centimetres, ka sieba w'alim on tun'e paae 45 centimetres. Tiig la wɛl yiine biili tun'e paae pistan' (30) bɛ pטטgin;[3] biili la firnɛ di diib kanɛ ka li sin'im an dɔnbbטטlim la pטטgin.

Labakuda, Teŋ Pa'alʋg nɛ ethnography

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

West Africa kpala nii, tiig la pak, nya'a, vaand, puum, wɛla, nɛ li biili la mɔri maan buudi tima bɛdigט tiebid wiim bɛdigט, puugin nɛ yiŋ wטsa, saŋa sieba ka ba nɔ ti sieba gɛdigi li. O pak la yɛlkpan anɛ ba mɔri maan tiim ken ka dɔli o vaand la. Duan la nε li tiim la mɔri sdŋid siel anε di tiebid bʋnvʋya sa’am siel nε, nε zindutig wiimnam, nwεnii arterial hypertension, nε daʋŋkanε bε vʋ’ʋsim pʋʋgin, pʋʋgin nyɔɔnd nε niŋgbiŋ wiimnam wʋsa. veterinary timanam ni o nya’ag la mɔri ti’ebid coccidiosis bε nɔɔs wimanam ni. O vaand paala la na tun’e nɔki zan’a li nɔki gεdig muarin kuom ka li kʋ zimi.

Tiig la locust mɔ tun;e mε lεm buol ye "arbre à farine, fern leaf, irú, monkey cutlass tree, two ball nitta-tree, nété and néré"). Bam sin’iŋi mɔr wεl pa’ad la mi’ilimid la da sin’iŋ nε West Africa ka ba sɔbi digil bε 14th century,[5] Michel Adanson da pa’al li yεla bε o Histoire naturelle du Sénégal, ka zaŋi li pa’al bε yʋʋm tusir, kɔbi yɔpɔi nε pisnu ayɔpɔi (1757) la ni.[6]

Geographically, Parkia biglobosa la fʋ tun’e ntεε li bε the Atlantic coast dinε bε Senegal to southern Sudan and northern Uganda.[7] Amaa nananna tiig la yʋ’ʋm bε zin’ig wʋsa kas-kas anε anthropic communities anthropic communities – zin’ig kanε ka ba  kuodi li la di ka bʋn.[3]

Yʋʋm wʋsa di biili maalʋg bε northern Nigeria la wʋʋ tusa kɔbis yɔpɔi (200,000t).[7] ka bam mɔr tiig la maan siel la fʋ kʋ nyεε li bε international trade la nii, amaa ba anε yεlkpan ka pʋ gʋ’ʋŋida bε West Africa kuam-kuam la.[7] Diili la ligidi εεnti pʋm digi nε sa bε Sahel teens la ni, ka ba mɔri lɔŋ teŋ.[7]

O Gʋ’ʋlʋgʋ an si'em

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Biili nɔbigir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ti mɔr biili nam la abʋyi ka li bε pak la pʋʋgin – wilim-wilim sabil nɔ lik (sabil). Biil bama bεlim kʋkɔn’ɔbi an siem la anε 1:20 to 1:5 ka biil sabila la uoe gat biil banε nie la. Biil banε an wilim-wilim sabila la pa’ad la fa’asnε ka li ket ka ba nyaŋidi nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ gat banε an biil sabila banε ka ba gɔs ka ba mɔr yabid la. “Biil sabila la pa’ad la kpi’emnε ka li nar ye ba εεnti dεŋi gɔsi di yεla ka maal ban na maal siem ka li nyaŋ bul sʋŋa.”[8]

Di bε ye biili εεnti bun siem anε 75%, biili la bulib tun’e keŋ ba fʋgis biili la pa’akpimis la 7 minutes ka nɔki li wʋ’ʋl  kuotʋʋligin nieε bεo ka naam nyaŋi bʋdi di biili la.[3] Duan la biili la tun’e nɔki bʋd vugis zug, ka li anε afi’ig ka tɔ’ɔŋ bεε afʋg ka tabil,bεε fʋn na nɔki ba nya’a bטt.[3] Ba kpans yטma atan' tiig bɛ Burkina Faso nɛ Nigeria.[7]

Agטronomi Zamisטg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Biili la ya'a bטdi niŋi ba vugis la zug,[9] daba atan' daar ba tun'e nyaŋi nɔki ba se dטgidin.[7] Ba bטm biig la walim anɛ 20-25cm bakwainami pisi saŋa bɛ nursery, di anɛ saŋa kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi nɔki ba se pɔɔding; fט mɛ tun'e bטdi ba pɔɔdin la ka pט waali ba se, dina sטm anɛ teŋ la sטm an siem nɛ bטnvטya banɛ bɛ pטטgin la an siem.[7] Fט ya'a ye fט gɔse niigi kuob la "sטŋid biili la waalט bɛ pɔɔgin ka sטm tituaa kal kɔbiga pטטgin anɛ 82% yטma anaasi " bɛ saŋa sieba fט ya'a ti se li naae la. Biili tun'e treati li nɛsulphuric acid " ka mɔr concentration kal ka li an 79% mit pisyi nɛ anaasi ka yט'טm nyaŋi yi biilif la ni na."[9]

Di tibanɛ waal la ɛɛnti nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ' - ba tun'e nɔbig ka li wa'alim paae 1metre yטטm pטטgin.[7] Ba na sin'iŋi puud yטma atan' nɛ ayɔpɔi la teŋsטk (5-7) טטn saŋa bɛ Sahel Samampiid Nwadig la kem paae Vaala Nwadig la (December to April), amaa ka lɛɛ pט puud bɛ teŋbanɛ kudigid la ni.[7] Zanzana sטŋid ti kaŋa ka o puum la widigid, bטnvטbanɛ mɛ sטŋid ka li puumla nɔbigid anɛ "siins, pטmpɔɔs, tangbɛɛlnam, kusin'is, tenebrionid beetles nɛ tettigometid bugs.”[3] Tiig la tun'e wɛl wɛla din kטnyi yטma anu paae yטma piiga la ni (5-10 years) ka li yט'טm sin'iŋi bi'igid hali ka yiiga saa la naam ti ni, ala ta kem paae sɛɛn'טg.[3]

Zamisטg pa'al ye tiig la puum la sטŋid teŋ la kט'lim yɛla. Zamisטg kpansib kani ka ba yטma atan' ka nye ka teŋ la kט'טlim kanl an 86% mamisi li nɛ sisibig kan wɛni li la ka li an 138%.[10] Tentan la sטm ka ni bɛ teŋin la ka tiis bɔɔd la ba da kpansi baŋ ka li anɛ duan biili la sטŋid, ka la'am pɛɛs nɛ ba na la'as nɛ organic C la nɔki mamis nɛ sisbig tiig la.[10]

Ban na nɔk la'asieba bטdi o gbinin bɛɛ duan la vaand ma'asim lɛm anɛ yɛla ya'as. Yטma ayi ka ba maal kpansib vɛɛnsigi o gbinin ma'asim la, ba kpans ya ka duan la (Parkia biglobosa) ba da "nyɛ ka o ma'asim la pט sטŋid la'asiebaa ka lɛɛ sטŋid ki yטטm yinne ni."[11] Eggplant mɛ daa pט nyaŋi maal tituaa nɛ, ka bam paam zטטd la siem la atan' pטטgi an yinne maa nɛ yinne piiga pטטgin banɛ ka ba bטdi ba yiŋ ka saa sa'ami ba.[11] La'am nɛ wala naŋzט'טs (chilli pepper) da nyaŋi maal sטŋa bɛ tiig la gbinin ka li nɔbigir kanl an 150%duan la gbinin ka lɛɛ san'am bɛ yiŋ paalט la ni.[11]

Biyofisikal bɛn

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

African dim duan la bɛdim an 0-300 metres, ka saa niib an wטט 400-700 millimetre ka li tטטlim an 24-28°C."[3] Di bɔɔdi zin'ikanɛ ka saa kuom la na nyaŋi silig tɔ'ɔtɔ, ya'ad tintan kanɛ tɛbis amaa di mɛ tun'e mɛ lɛm bɛ zin'ig kanɛ ka tintan la pט tɛbisa, tintan bi'isטg ni.[3]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Diib

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Balls of sumbala (ka sieba buon ye dawadawa bɛɛ kpalʋg) la ka an African locust bɛŋa biili ka ba maali yi di ni.

Dinɛ an dᴐnbʋʋlʋm, ka mᴐr biili la anɛ banɛ malis ka ba ɛɛnti tiaki ba maal disieba yi di ni. Ba ɛɛnti tiaki dinɛ ka di lieb seasoning, ka ba pʋdi di yʋ’ʋr ye sikomu nɛ dodowa Yoruba nɛ Hausa nidib sʋʋgʋn.[12] Ba mᴐr pulp la maan danmalisa.[13]

Locust bean biili anɛ yɛlkpan hali tiig la ni. Ba mᴐr lipid nam bɛdigʋ, nwɛnɛ pisi nɛ awai kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (29%), protein anɛ pistan nɛ anu kᴐbiga pʋʋgʋn(35%), carbohydrates anɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (16%), ka mɛ an bʋmbanɛ tisid kpaam nɛ calcium tis banɛ bɛ teŋkpɛmisin.[14] Ba ɛɛnti dʋg biili lanɛ yis pa’ad la bas ka yʋ’ʋn wʋ’ʋl dinɛ kpɛlim la ka di mi’ig ban bᴐᴐdi li si’em. Ba tun’e nɛɛm biili la ka ka di lieb zᴐm ka ba nᴐki maal ma’asa. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal kpalʋg mi’igir yɛla la, vɛɛnsʋg la da pa’al ye Gmelina arborea nɛ kou kɛt ka biili la mi’igir, ka mɛ paasid kpaam, protein nɛ ma’asʋgʋ zɛm si’em, ka lɛɛ sied carbohydrate zɛm si’em.[15]

Balls of sumbala (also called daddawa or dawadawa) and the African locust bean seeds they are prepared from.

Bטkɔbid diib

Wɛl la bʋʋlʋm, Vaand la nɛ bielim la anɛ dinɛ ka ba mᴐri tisid bʋnkᴐnbid nɛ nᴐᴐs ka di aan ba diib. Puum la anɛ dinɛ ka siins bɛ nᴐŋ hali ka lɛn an zin’ikanɛ ka di paamid nectar.[16]

Kpikpiŋ Tטטma
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tikaŋa kuob anɛ dinɛ mᴐr nyᴐᴐd hali tis Africa tɛmis bɛdigʋ, la’an nɛ pʋ’ab. Néré wala anɛ dinɛ ka ba da’ad hali bɛ Burkina Faso; "kᴐbiga pʋʋgʋn, nidib gaad pisnu (50%) vɛɛnsʋg pʋʋgʋn da siak ye ba paasi di kpiisig ni.[17] Wʋsa pʋʋgʋnɛɛ, pʋ’abi an banɛ nᴐŋ bielim banɛ mi’ig la kuosʋg (dawadawa) la’anɛ dap nɛ pʋ’ab wʋsa paasi bielim banɛ an kpi’ema kuosʋg ni la.[18]

Tiim
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ti-nya’a du’atanam banɛ bɛ Africa mᴐr tiig duan tiig la luos kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb ti’ebid di nimma’asim tʋʋma la yɛla. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal ti-nya’a dʋ’atanam banɛ bɛ Togo la, duan (Parkia biglobosa) da anɛ tibanɛ ka ba da buol la yinne dinɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid zidʋttʋm ban’a.[19] Tiig la mɛ lɛn anɛ dinɛ paasi ayi ni tibanɛ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid fɛn’ɛd bɛ South-Western Nigeria, ka kɛ ka proliferation of dermal fibroblasts paasid tᴐ’ᴐtᴐ.”[20] Ala ka vɛɛnskan buudi mɛ da maali bɛ Guinea zaŋi keŋ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid dumis ban’a ba sʋ’ʋlʋm ni, ba da pa’al ye duan anɛ tikanɛ paas banɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid dumis ban’a la ni.[21] Ban da lɛn vɛɛnsid tibanɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ni, mak nɛ tibanɛ mᴐr streptomycin, duan da mᴐr ka di kɛ ka di paas tibanɛ na nyaŋi ti’eb bʋnvʋya ban’as.[22]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ "Parkia biglobosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  2. ↑ Thiombiano, D. N., Lamien, N., Dibong, D. S., Boussim, I. J., & Belem, B. (2012). The role of woody species in managing food shortage in Burkina Faso. Sécheresse, 23(2), 86-93. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 "Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org". Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  4. ↑ Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.
  5. ↑ "Parkia biglobosa".
  6. ↑ Janick, J. (2008). Parkia biglobosa African Locust Bean. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts (pp. 395-400). Wallingford, U.K.: CABI North American Office.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 "Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from database.prota.org". Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org". Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from". Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Uyovbisere, E. O., & Elemo, K. A. (2002). Effect of tree foliage of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) on soil fertility and productivity of maize in a savanna alfisol.. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 62(2), 115-122. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Agricola database.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Pouliot, M., Bayala, J., & Raebild, A. (2012). Testing the shade tolerance of selected crops under Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. in an agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 85(3), 477-488. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge database
  12. ↑ Olaniyan, A. (n.d.). Locust Bean Products. Non-Wood News-No.10. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from fao.org
  13. ↑ Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 0415927463. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  14. ↑ Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.
  15. ↑ Gernah, D.I.; Inyang, C.U.; Ezeora, N.L. (2007). "Incubation and fermentation of African locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) in production of "dawadawa"". Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 31 (2): 227–239. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00109.x.
  16. ↑ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Lebas F., 2018. African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/268 Last updated on January 25, 2018, 13:49
  17. ↑ Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.
  18. ↑ Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.
  19. ↑ Karou, S., Tchacondo, T., Tchibozo, M. D., Abdoul-Rahaman, S., Anani, K., Koudouvo, K., et al. (2011). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo.. PharmBiol., 49(12), 1286-1297. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.
  20. ↑ Adetutu, A., Morgan, W., & Corcoran, O. (2011). Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria.. J Ethnopharmacol, 137(1), 50-56. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.
  21. ↑ Traoré, M., Baldé, M., Oularé, K., Magassouba, F., Diakité, I., Diallo, A., et al. (2013). Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants used by Guinean traditional healers in the treatment of malaria.. J Ethnopharmacol, S0378-8741(13)00773-3. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.048.. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from the PubMed database.
  22. ↑ Abioye, E., Akinpelu, D., Aiyegoro, O., Adegboye, M., Oni, M., & Okoh, A. (2013). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of crude stem bark extracts and fractions of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.).. Molecules, 18(7), 8459-8499. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.
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