Iankim keŋ kʋ'ʋlʋmin la

Duan

Di yinɛ Wikipiidia
Duan
taxon
Subclass ofuseful plant Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Short nameP. biglobosa Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameParkia biglobosa Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankspecies Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonParkia Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has basionymMimosa biglobosa Dɛmisim gbɛlima
IUCN conservation statusLC Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Nomenclatural type ofParkia Dɛmisim gbɛlima
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=26777 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Duan Parkia biglobosa, African locust bean[1] tiig la anɛ tiikanɛ an deciduous tiig ka bɛ Fabaceae buudi la ni. Fʋ na nyɛ tiig kaŋa nɛ ka ba bɛ Africa bɛdigʋ ka mɔr o diib la ka li malis hali ka mɔr biilsʋma. Bam kuod ti kaŋa lɔsia la, bam nwa'ad ka pɔn'ɔŋ ni o biili la siem la pa'an ni o tʋʋma an sʋm siem. Tiig la zin'isnam la bɛdigʋ mɔri maan tima nɛ diib. din an tikanɛ zi'e sappi la zugɔɔ, di wɛla la sʋŋid nɛ diib nam bɛdigʋ banɛ ka ba budi kpi'eli di nwɛnii leguminous tiis.

Pa'alʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Parkia biglobosa anɛ dicotyledonous angiosperm kanɛ yit Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae - Mimosoid clade) buudi la ni na.[2] di anɛ deciduous perennial dinɛ nɔbigi ka o wa'alim an 7 nɛ 20 metres,[3] Saŋa sieba ba wa'alim tun'e paae 30 metres.[4] Tiig kaŋa anɛ tiig kanɛ pʋ zɔt bugim ka li anɛ om mɔr pak kanɛ an sabili wilim-wilim ka kpi'em la zu.[3] Tiig la wɛla la, anɛ dinɛ ka tia'am buoni li ye locust beans, ka mɔr zɛnwiid sin'im di sin'iŋirin, ka ti lɛ kilim sabil wiiʋ di ya'a ti yʋ'ʋm gu tituaa la. Ba wa'alim anɛ 30-40 centimetres, ka sieba w'alim on tun'e paae 45 centimetres. Tiig la wɛl yiine biili tun'e paae pistan' (30) bɛ pʋʋgin;[3] biili la firnɛ di diib kanɛ ka li sin'im an dɔnbbʋʋlim la pʋʋgin.

Labakuda, Teŋ Pa'alʋg nɛ ethnography

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

West Africa kpala nii, tiig la pak, nya'a, vaand, puum, wɛla, nɛ li biili la mɔri maan buudi tima bɛdigʋ tiebid wiim bɛdigʋ, puugin nɛ yiŋ wʋsa, saŋa sieba ka ba nɔ ti sieba gɛdigi li. O pak la yɛlkpan anɛ ba mɔri maan tiim ken ka dɔli o vaand la. Duan la nɛ li tiim la mɔri sdŋid siel anɛ di tiebid bʋnvʋya saꞌam siel nɛ, nɛ zindutig wiimnam, nwɛnii arterial hypertension, nɛ daʋŋkanɛ bɛ vʋꞌʋsim pʋʋgin, pʋʋgin nyɔɔnd nɛ niŋgbiŋ wiimnam wʋsa. veterinary timanam ni o nyaꞌag la mɔri tiꞌebid coccidiosis bɛ nɔɔs wimanam ni. O vaand paala la na tunꞌe nɔki zanꞌa li nɔki gɛdig muarin kuom ka li kʋ zimi.

Tiig la locust mɔ tun;e mɛ lɛm buol ye "arbre à farine, fern leaf, irú, monkey cutlass tree, two ball nitta-tree, nété and néré"). Bam sinꞌiŋi mɔr wɛl paꞌad la miꞌilimid la da sinꞌiŋ nɛ West Africa ka ba sɔbi digil bɛ 14th century,[5] Michel Adanson da paꞌal li yɛla bɛ o Histoire naturelle du Sénégal, ka zaŋi li paꞌal bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbi yɔpɔi nɛ pisnu ayɔpɔi (1757) la ni.[6]

Geographically, Parkia biglobosa la fʋ tunꞌe ntɛɛ li bɛ the Atlantic coast dinɛ bɛ Senegal to southern Sudan and northern Uganda.[7] Amaa nananna tiig la yʋꞌʋm bɛ zinꞌig wʋsa kas-kas anɛ anthropic communities anthropic communities – zinꞌig kanɛ ka ba  kuodi li la di ka bʋn.[3]

Yʋʋm wʋsa di biili maalʋg bɛ northern Nigeria la wʋʋ tusa kɔbis yɔpɔi (200,000t).[7] ka bam mɔr tiig la maan siel la fʋ kʋ nyɛɛ li bɛ international trade la nii, amaa ba anɛ yɛlkpan ka pʋ gʋꞌʋŋida bɛ West Africa kuam-kuam la.[7] Diili la ligidi ɛɛnti pʋm digi nɛ sa bɛ Sahel teens la ni, ka ba mɔri lɔŋ teŋ.[7]

O Gʋꞌʋlʋgʋ an si'em

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Biili nɔbigir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ti mɔr biili nam la abʋyi ka li bɛ pak la pʋʋgin – wilim-wilim sabil nɔ lik (sabil). Biil bama bɛlim kʋkɔnꞌɔbi an siem la anɛ 1:20 to 1:5 ka biil sabila la uoe gat biil banɛ nie la. Biil banɛ an wilim-wilim sabila la paꞌad la faꞌasnɛ ka li ket ka ba nyaŋidi nɔbigid tɔꞌɔtɔ gat banɛ an biil sabila banɛ ka ba gɔs ka ba mɔr yabid la. “Biil sabila la paꞌad la kpiꞌemnɛ ka li nar ye ba ɛɛnti dɛŋi gɔsi di yɛla ka maal ban na maal siem ka li nyaŋ bul sʋŋa.”[8]

Di bɛ ye biili ɛɛnti bun siem anɛ 75%, biili la bulib tunꞌe keŋ ba fʋgis biili la paꞌakpimis la 7 minutes ka nɔki li wʋꞌʋl  kuotʋʋligin nieɛ bɛo ka naam nyaŋi bʋdi di biili la.[3] Duan la biili la tunꞌe nɔki bʋd vugis zug, ka li anɛ afiꞌig ka tɔꞌɔŋ bɛɛ afʋg ka tabil,bɛɛ fʋn na nɔki ba nyaꞌa bʋt.[3] Ba kpans yʋma atan' tiig bɛ Burkina Faso nɛ Nigeria.[7]

Agʋronomi Zamisʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Biili la ya'a bʋdi niŋi ba vugis la zug,[9] daba atan' daar ba tun'e nyaŋi nɔki ba se dʋgidin.[7] Ba bʋm biig la walim anɛ 20-25cm bakwainami pisi saŋa bɛ nursery, di anɛ saŋa kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi nɔki ba se pɔɔding; fʋ mɛ tun'e bʋdi ba pɔɔdin la ka pʋ waali ba se, dina sʋm anɛ teŋ la sʋm an siem nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la an siem.[7] Fʋ ya'a ye fʋ gɔse niigi kuob la "sʋŋid biili la waalʋ bɛ pɔɔgin ka sʋm tituaa kal kɔbiga pʋʋgin anɛ 82% yʋma anaasi " bɛ saŋa sieba fʋ ya'a ti se li naae la. Biili tun'e treati li nɛsulphuric acid " ka mɔr concentration kal ka li an 79% mit pisyi nɛ anaasi ka yʋ'ʋm nyaŋi yi biilif la ni na."[9]

Di tibanɛ waal la ɛɛnti nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ' - ba tun'e nɔbig ka li wa'alim paae 1metre yʋʋm pʋʋgin.[7] Ba na sin'iŋi puud yʋma atan' nɛ ayɔpɔi la teŋsʋk (5-7) ʋʋn saŋa bɛ Sahel Samampiid Nwadig la kem paae Vaala Nwadig la (December to April), amaa ka lɛɛ pʋ puud bɛ teŋbanɛ kudigid la ni.[7] Zanzana sʋŋid ti kaŋa ka o puum la widigid, bʋnvʋbanɛ mɛ sʋŋid ka li puumla nɔbigid anɛ "siins, pʋmpɔɔs, tangbɛɛlnam, kusin'is, tenebrionid beetles nɛ tettigometid bugs.”[3] Tiig la tun'e wɛl wɛla din kʋnyi yʋma anu paae yʋma piiga la ni (5-10 years) ka li yʋ'ʋm sin'iŋi bi'igid hali ka yiiga saa la naam ti ni, ala ta kem paae sɛɛn'ʋg.[3]

Zamisʋg pa'al ye tiig la puum la sʋŋid teŋ la kʋ'lim yɛla. Zamisʋg kpansib kani ka ba yʋma atan' ka nye ka teŋ la kʋ'ʋlim kanl an 86% mamisi li nɛ sisibig kan wɛni li la ka li an 138%.[10] Tentan la sʋm ka ni bɛ teŋin la ka tiis bɔɔd la ba da kpansi baŋ ka li anɛ duan biili la sʋŋid, ka la'am pɛɛs nɛ ba na la'as nɛ organic C la nɔki mamis nɛ sisbig tiig la.[10]

Ban na nɔk la'asieba bʋdi o gbinin bɛɛ duan la vaand ma'asim lɛm anɛ yɛla ya'as. Yʋma ayi ka ba maal kpansib vɛɛnsigi o gbinin ma'asim la, ba kpans ya ka duan la (Parkia biglobosa) ba da "nyɛ ka o ma'asim la pʋ sʋŋid la'asiebaa ka lɛɛ sʋŋid ki yʋʋm yinne ni."[11] Eggplant mɛ daa pʋ nyaŋi maal tituaa nɛ, ka bam paam zʋʋd la siem la atan' pʋʋgi an yinne maa nɛ yinne piiga pʋʋgin banɛ ka ba bʋdi ba yiŋ ka saa sa'ami ba.[11] La'am nɛ wala naŋzʋ'ʋs (chilli pepper) da nyaŋi maal sʋŋa bɛ tiig la gbinin ka li nɔbigir kanl an 150%duan la gbinin ka lɛɛ san'am bɛ yiŋ paalʋ la ni.[11]

Biyofisikal bɛn

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

African dim duan la bɛdim an 0-300 metres, ka saa niib an wʋʋ 400-700 millimetre ka li tʋʋlim an 24-28°C."[3] Di bɔɔdi zin'ikanɛ ka saa kuom la na nyaŋi silig tɔ'ɔtɔ, ya'ad tintan kanɛ tɛbis amaa di mɛ tun'e mɛ lɛm bɛ zin'ig kanɛ ka tintan la pʋ tɛbisa, tintan bi'isʋg ni.[3]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Diib

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Balls of sumbala (ka sieba buon ye dawadawa bɛɛ kpalʋg) la ka an African locust bɛŋa biili ka ba maali yi di ni.

Dinɛ an dɔnbʋʋlʋm, ka mɔr biili la anɛ banɛ malis ka ba ɛɛnti tiaki ba maal disieba yi di ni. Ba ɛɛnti tiaki dinɛ ka di lieb seasoning, ka ba pʋdi di yʋꞌʋr ye sikomu nɛ dodowa Yoruba nɛ Hausa nidib sʋʋgʋn.[12] Ba mɔr pulp la maan danmalisa.[13]

Locust bean biili anɛ yɛlkpan hali tiig la ni. Ba mɔr lipid nam bɛdigʋ, nwɛnɛ pisi nɛ awai kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (29%), protein anɛ pistan nɛ anu kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn(35%), carbohydrates anɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (16%), ka mɛ an bʋmbanɛ tisid kpaam nɛ calcium tis banɛ bɛ teŋkpɛmisin.[14] Ba ɛɛnti dʋg biili lanɛ yis paꞌad la bas ka yʋꞌʋn wʋꞌʋl dinɛ kpɛlim la ka di miꞌig ban bɔɔdi li siꞌem. Ba tunꞌe nɛɛm biili la ka ka di lieb zɔm ka ba nɔki maal maꞌasa. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal kpalʋg miꞌigir yɛla la, vɛɛnsʋg la da paꞌal ye Gmelina arborea nɛ kou kɛt ka biili la miꞌigir, ka mɛ paasid kpaam, protein nɛ maꞌasʋgʋ zɛm siꞌem, ka lɛɛ sied carbohydrate zɛm siꞌem.[15]

Balls of sumbala (also called daddawa or dawadawa) and the African locust bean seeds they are prepared from.

Bʋkɔbid diib

Wɛl la bʋʋlʋm, Vaand la nɛ bielim la anɛ dinɛ ka ba mɔri tisid bʋnkɔnbid nɛ nɔɔs ka di aan ba diib. Puum la anɛ dinɛ ka siins bɛ nɔŋ hali ka lɛn an zinꞌikanɛ ka di paamid nectar.[16]

Kpikpiŋ Tʋʋma
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tikaŋa kuob anɛ dinɛ mɔr nyɔɔd hali tis Africa tɛmis bɛdigʋ, laꞌan nɛ pʋꞌab. Néré wala anɛ dinɛ ka ba daꞌad hali bɛ Burkina Faso; "kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn, nidib gaad pisnu (50%) vɛɛnsʋg pʋʋgʋn da siak ye ba paasi di kpiisig ni.[17] Wʋsa pʋʋgʋnɛɛ, pʋꞌabi an banɛ nɔŋ bielim banɛ miꞌig la kuosʋg (dawadawa) laꞌanɛ dap nɛ pʋꞌab wʋsa paasi bielim banɛ an kpiꞌema kuosʋg ni la.[18]

Tiim
[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ti-nyaꞌa duꞌatanam banɛ bɛ Africa mɔr tiig duan tiig la luos kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb tiꞌebid di nimmaꞌasim tʋʋma la yɛla. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal ti-nyaꞌa dʋꞌatanam banɛ bɛ Togo la, duan (Parkia biglobosa) da anɛ tibanɛ ka ba da buol la yinne dinɛ ka ba mɔri tiꞌebid zidʋttʋm banꞌa.[19] Tiig la mɛ lɛn anɛ dinɛ paasi ayi ni tibanɛ tibanɛ ka ba mɔri tiꞌebid fɛnꞌɛd bɛ South-Western Nigeria, ka kɛ ka proliferation of dermal fibroblasts paasid tɔꞌɔtɔ.”[20] Ala ka vɛɛnskan buudi mɛ da maali bɛ Guinea zaŋi keŋ tibanɛ ka ba mɔri tiꞌebid dumis banꞌa ba sʋꞌʋlʋm ni, ba da paꞌal ye duan anɛ tikanɛ paas banɛ ka ba mɔri tiꞌebid dumis banꞌa la ni.[21] Ban da lɛn vɛɛnsid tibanɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ni, mak nɛ tibanɛ mɔr streptomycin, duan da mɔr ka di kɛ ka di paas tibanɛ na nyaŋi tiꞌeb bʋnvʋya banꞌas.[22]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ "Parkia biglobosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  2. ↑ Thiombiano, D. N., Lamien, N., Dibong, D. S., Boussim, I. J., & Belem, B. (2012). The role of woody species in managing food shortage in Burkina Faso. Sécheresse, 23(2), 86-93. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org". Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  4. ↑ Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.
  5. ↑ "Parkia biglobosa".
  6. ↑ Janick, J. (2008). Parkia biglobosa African Locust Bean. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts (pp. 395-400). Wallingford, U.K.: CABI North American Office.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from database.prota.org". Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org". Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  9. 1 2 "Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from". Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  10. 1 2 Uyovbisere, E. O., & Elemo, K. A. (2002). Effect of tree foliage of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) on soil fertility and productivity of maize in a savanna alfisol.. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 62(2), 115-122. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Agricola database.
  11. 1 2 3 Pouliot, M., Bayala, J., & Raebild, A. (2012). Testing the shade tolerance of selected crops under Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. in an agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 85(3), 477-488. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge database
  12. ↑ Olaniyan, A. (n.d.). Locust Bean Products. Non-Wood News-No.10. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from fao.org
  13. ↑ Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 0415927463. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  14. ↑ Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.
  15. ↑ Gernah, D.I.; Inyang, C.U.; Ezeora, N.L. (2007). "Incubation and fermentation of African locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) in production of "dawadawa"". Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 31 (2): 227–239. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00109.x.
  16. ↑ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Lebas F., 2018. African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/268 Last updated on January 25, 2018, 13:49
  17. ↑ Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.
  18. ↑ Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.
  19. ↑ Karou, S., Tchacondo, T., Tchibozo, M. D., Abdoul-Rahaman, S., Anani, K., Koudouvo, K., et al. (2011). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo.. PharmBiol., 49(12), 1286-1297. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.
  20. ↑ Adetutu, A., Morgan, W., & Corcoran, O. (2011). Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria.. J Ethnopharmacol, 137(1), 50-56. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.
  21. ↑ Traoré, M., Baldé, M., Oularé, K., Magassouba, F., Diakité, I., Diallo, A., et al. (2013). Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants used by Guinean traditional healers in the treatment of malaria.. J Ethnopharmacol, S0378-8741(13)00773-3. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.048.. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from the PubMed database.
  22. ↑ Abioye, E., Akinpelu, D., Aiyegoro, O., Adegboye, M., Oni, M., & Okoh, A. (2013). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of crude stem bark extracts and fractions of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.).. Molecules, 18(7), 8459-8499. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.
Retrieved from "https://kus.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duan&oldid=17850"