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Kɔnbir

Paasim tɔ'ɔŋir suoya
Di yinɛ Wikipiidia
bone
anatomical structure class type, class of anatomical entity, organ type
Subclass ofanimal organ, animal product, particular anatomical entity Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Part ofskeleton Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Studied byosteology Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Development of anatomical structurebone development Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Described at URLhttps://neal.fun/earth-reviews/bones Dɛmisim gbɛlima
WordLift URLhttp://data.wordlift.io/wl01714/entity/bone Dɛmisim gbɛlima
NCI Thesaurus IDC12366 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🦴 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Kɔnbir anɛ niŋgbiŋ lʋa kanɛ kpiem ka pʋ dammida, di pɛ'ɛs niŋgbiŋ kɔnba zi'esim nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ mɔr nyan'aŋ kɔnbir.[1] Kɔnba sʋŋid niŋbgiŋ la lʋos pamm, ka mɛ lɛn sʋŋid nɛ ziim banɛ dɔlisid Kɔnba ni, suŋid nɛ dinɛ tisid niŋgbiŋ la paŋ, di sʋŋid ka bʋnvʋr wʋsa zi'esim an sʋ'ʋŋa ka mɔr sʋŋiri tisid niŋgbiŋ la ka ba nyaŋidi ken ka wʋmid vuud. Kɔnba mɛ mɔr buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb ba ziesim zɛnmisim ka mɛ mɔr yiŋ nɛ pʋʋgin kɔnba ziesim.[2]

Nyina sian'asim anɛ zin'ikanɛ kpi'em, ka nyina tɔ'ɔŋir ka nyina nyaŋi sian' nɛ taaba ka mɔr paŋ. Nyinsian'asima mɔri nyina kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb bnvʋlnam. Ban anɛ osteoblasts nɛ osteoclasts (nyina naamʋg nɛ li laafi).[3]

Di zi’esim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ninsaal niŋgbiŋ mᴐrnɛ kᴐnba buudi anu. Ba anɛ banɛ: wa’am, gim, labis, pʋ mᴐr zi’esim, nɛ kᴐnba banɛ bɛ ziinla pʋʋgʋn.[4]

Kᴐnbwa’a/wa’ama anɛ banɛ wa’am ka mᴐr dutta, nɛ kᴐnba banɛ mᴐr yada ka wa’ami gaadi di labisim an si'em, ba sieba zut anɛ gbiliga ka sieba zut naarin ka’ gbiligaa. Ba anɛ kᴐnb-banɛ kpi’em ka saŋa pamm ni, ba mᴐr biim fiin ba pʋʋgʋn, bɛɛ ba pʋ mᴐr biim ba pʋʋgʋnɛ, ka bɛ zugin nɛ niŋgbiŋ la luosieba ni.[5]

Kᴐnba bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ nᴐba nɛ nu’usin, nwɛnɛ banɛ bɛ nu’ubibisin nɛ nᴐb-bibisin la, anɛ kᴐnbwa’a/ wa’ama. Banɛ pʋ paasɛ anɛ kᴐnba anii banɛ bɛ nu’ugʋn la, kᴐnba ayᴐpᴐi banɛ bɛ nᴐba ni la, nɛ kᴐnbkanɛ bɛ dum la ni la (Dum laa). Kᴐnbwa’a/wa’ama la, nwɛnnɛ kᴐnb-banɛ bɛ sʋsunya ni la, mᴐr zi’esim kᴐnᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb bɛɛ ba naarin la anɛ kᴐnbwa’abanɛ gᴐnlis.

Kᴐnbgima anɛ kᴐnb-banɛ an ma’ad-ma’adi, ka an baanliga, ka la’asi bɛ luokanɛ an bʋgʋsʋg pʋʋgʋn. Kᴐnbgima tisid zi’esim ka mɛ sʋŋid nɛ ken baanlʋg.[6]

Kᴐnb-banɛ bɛ nu’utitalin nɛ nᴐpaŋin la anɛ kᴐnb-banɛ an gima.

Kᴐnblamma anɛ baanlig ka ba bɛdigʋ an banɛ an kᴐngᴐlima, ba mᴐrnɛ kᴐnba ayi banɛ ya’ad taaba bɛ zin’ikanɛ bʋgʋs.

Kᴐnba banɛ bɛ zunwaŋin la bɛdigʋ anɛ kᴐnblamma, nwɛnnɛ banɛ bɛ nyᴐ’ᴐgin la.[7]

Kᴐnb-banɛ tᴐ’ᴐŋ nɛ giinla anɛ banɛ bɛ giinla ni. Ban zanl giinla la yi sun’ula la ni la, di sʋŋid ka giinla la paasid. Ba tituunli anɛ dumlaa la nɛ kᴐnbbil kanɛ bɛ nu’usun’ulin la.[8]

Kᴐnb-banɛ pʋ mᴐr zi’esim pʋ paas banɛ digi agᴐl la. Ba anɛ kᴐnb-baanlis banɛ la’asi bɛ zin’ibanɛ bʋgʋs. Nwɛnnɛ ba yʋ’ʋr la an si’em la, ba pʋ mᴐr zi’esim ka ba bɛllim aan di kᴐn’. dinɛ ta’as ka ba pʋ mᴐr zi’esim la anɛ ban tᴐ’ᴐŋ zin’is kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb la zug bɛɛ di anɛ ban mᴐr kᴐnbsieba ka di tᴐ’ᴐŋi ba la zug.

Kᴐn-banɛ bɛ nya’aŋ kᴐnbdaagin la, sien, nɛ zunwaŋ la kᴐnsieba anɛ kᴐnb-banɛ pʋ mᴐr zi’esim.[9]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Kᴐnba mᴐr tʋʋma kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb banɛ ka ba tʋmmi bɛ niŋgbiiŋ la ni. Kᴐnba la an si’em wʋsa la’asi tis niŋgbiŋ la di zi’esim. Ba tis niŋgbiŋ la di zi’esim ka sʋŋid niŋgbiŋ la ka di zi’e din nar si’em. Di sʋŋid giinla, sun’ula, nɛ luos banɛ kpɛla ka di ziid la’asieba ken niŋgbiŋ la luos wʋsa ka di nyaŋidi tʋmmi di tʋʋma din nar si’em.

Kᴐnba gu’ud luos banɛ bɛ pʋʋgʋn la, nwɛnnɛ zunwaŋ la gu’ud zupʋd la, bɛɛ sapiri la gʋ’ʋd susunf la nɛ sᴐnfulinfuud la. Kᴐnba la an si’em la zug, di mᴐr paŋ kanɛ na an nwɛnɛ 170 MPa (1,700 kgf/cm2),[10] banɛ paŋi pʋ zu’oe wala nwɛnɛ 104–121 MPa, nɛ dinɛ pʋ mᴐr paŋ baa bi’elaa (51.6 MPa).[11][12] Nɛ’ pa’al ye kᴐnba nyaŋidi zi’enid tuusʋg sʋ’ʋŋa, zi’enid tɛɛgir bi’ela.

Kᴐnba mɛ lɛn mᴐr tʋʋma ninsaal wʋmʋg pʋʋgʋn. Kᴐnb-baansieba atan’ bɛ tʋba la ni sʋŋid ka ninsaal wʋm o tiraan ya’a pian’ bɛɛ si’el ya’a dam.

Kᴐnba la pʋʋgʋn mᴐr biim.  Biim la mᴐr ziim dinɛ sʋŋ ka bʋnvʋr la an nyain.[13] Ziim bʋnvʋya kanɛ yi kᴐnba biim la ni anɛ WBC, RBC nɛ piletilɛt nam.[14][15][16] Kᴐnba bʋnvʋya la ɛɛnti maligim nᴐbigi paasi bɛnɛ kᴐnba biim la ni.[17] Daar wʋsa zi bʋnvʋya bɛnɛ an zɛn’ɛs la nwɛnɛ banɛ gaad biliyᴐŋ ayi’ nɛ pʋsʋg (2.5 billion) nɛ 50–100 billion granulocytes.[18]

Di ka’ di maanɛ bʋnvʋya ma’anɛɛ, ziim biim la mɛ an zin’ikanɛ ka bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ ziimin la ya’a san’am, ani ka di na san’am.[18]

Kᴐnba la an zin’ikanɛ su’ad niŋgbiŋ la biim nam bɛdigʋ di kas-kas anɛ kalsiyom nɛ fᴐsfᴐrᴐs.[19][20][21]

Kᴐnba bʋnvᴐya anɛ ban piinɛ anu kᴐbiga pʋʋgʋn (15%), ka pa’an bʋnkᴐnbʋgʋ an buusi’a, di yʋma, nɛ kᴐnbkanɛ buudi ka di mᴐr.[22]

Kpaam su’ab zin’ig- marrow adipose tissue (MAT) an zin’ikanɛ ka fatty acids bɛ.[23]

Asidnɛ bes zɛmmisim – kᴐnba la gu’ud ka ziim la ka di pʋ dʋtti tʋʋgida, dᴐlisid din kɛt ka pH la tiasid ka found bɛɛ yisid yaarim kanɛ ka’ tʋʋma niŋgbiŋin la.[24]

Yisid – Kᴐnba la na nyaŋi zanl kuntnam nɛ la’abanɛ pʋ mᴐr tʋʋma niŋgbiŋin la, ka yiis ba ziimin la, ka bʋkki ba ka ba kʋ nyaŋi san’am si’el niŋgbiŋin la ka yʋ’ʋn yisi ba bi’el-bi’el nɛ ban na ti naae.[25][26][27]

Di ka’ kᴐnba anɛ dinɛ kpi’em wʋsa, amaa di mᴐr bʋgʋsʋm pistan’ kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (30%) nɛ la’ad kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb pisyᴐpᴐi kᴐniga pʋʋgʋn (70%), banɛ la’as taaba tʋm niŋgbiŋn la ni. Ban dᴐlis si’em maal la zug kɛ ka ba kpi’em ka mᴐr paŋ, ka lɛɛ pʋ tɛbisa. Kᴐnb-banɛ ka na’asaanam buon ye matrix anɛ din yi piswai paae piswai nɛ anu kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (90-95%) an dinɛ ka ba buon ye ossein,[28] ka dinɛ kpɛlim la anɛ titan.[29] Dinɛ kpi’em la kɛ ka di pʋ san’amid na’ana’a.[10] Biim sieba kɛ ka kᴐnba la kpi’em wala la.[30][31]

Kͻnba nͻbigid si’em biilim saŋa anԑ nimmua hali, bͻzugͻ, ba nͻbigir sankanԑ kԑt ka kͻnba ban’as pʋ tͻn’ͻ ba. Biisi mԑ zͻti di’emid la kԑt ka ba kͻnba kpԑ’ԑŋid, ka li kԑt ka ba ya’a ti nͻbig ka ba kͻnba pʋ kpԑrigida. Ninsaali na wisig o ningbina maan si’el na nyaŋi kԑ ka kͻnba la kpi’em. Vԑԑnsig pa’al ye fʋ ya’a wisigi fʋ kͻnba tʋm tʋʋma, li kԑt ka kͻnba la kpԑ’ԑŋid.[32] Fʋ ya’a dit diib banԑ tisid laafi sʋŋid kͻnba, amaa nidi na wisig o mԑŋi tien’ o kͻnba na nyaŋi kԑ ka kͻnba la mͻr laafi.[32] Fʋ ya’a ziid la’atԑbisa wisigidi fʋ kͻnba na nyaŋi kԑ ka kͻnba biim la paas. Biilim di’ema wan wʋʋ ban na zͻti fԑntid, iand, nԑ zͻͻg nyaŋidi sʋŋid biis ka ba kͻnba nͻbigid ba pʋ’asatim bԑԑ na’akimnim saŋa.[33] Banԑ zͻti nwԑ’ԑd bͻͻl kͻn’ͻb kͻn’ͻb la mͻr sʋŋiri tisi ba kͻnba, li kԑt ka kͻnba la biim paasid ka mԑ kԑt ka ba kpi’em.[33] Biisi na zͻti iand ka di’emid sʋŋidi maani ba kͻnba ka ba ya’a nͻbig ka yela ka’asigԑ.[34] Biis banԑ paas niŋwisigir di’ema ni ka wisigidi ba ningbina saŋa wʋsa li sʋŋidi ba kͻnba bԑԑg sa, ka li kԑt ka kͻnba ban’a pʋ paadi baa.[34]

Dindii ban’a

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dindii ban’a na nyaŋi gban’ae kͻnba dͻlis giinla nam ni, wiim bԑdigʋ bԑ mԑ gban’ad kͻnba.[35] Dindii ban’a kanԑ gban’ad kͻnba la pʋ taa gban’ad nidib wala.[35] Dindiis ban’as bԑdigʋ bԑ gban’ad ninsaal mԑn, ka banԑ di’e yʋ’ʋr an bin’isir ban’a, lana ni ban’a, siyanini ban’as, kͻkͻya ni ban’as nԑ sͻͻnr ban’a.[35]

Sikir ban’a

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Type 1 diabetes anԑ sikir ban’a kanԑ gban’ad sͻnfʋlinfʋʋd la ka kԑt ka li pʋ nyaŋidi maan kuom kanԑ bԑԑ li na la lin nar si’em.[36] Amaa type 2 diabetes kԑt nԑ ka li maan kuom la sʋ’ʋŋa ka saŋa na ti paae ka li pʋ lԑn mͻr sʋŋiri tis ningbiŋ la ya’asԑ.[36]

Biis banԑ ka Type 1 Diabetes da gban’a ba America da anԑ pisnii nԑ anu, kͻbiga pʋʋgin, ka li pa’al ye banԑ ka ban’as la da gban’a ba da paas nԑ pisi nԑ ayi’ kͻbiga pʋdigir pʋʋgin[37] nwadis pisi nԑ anaasi pʋʋgin, COVID-19 ban’as saŋa la

Kͻnba ni Zabir si’eba nwa’

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  • Bʋnvʋya kpԑn’ԑ kͻnba la ni ka li fʋlʋs.[38]
  • Kͻnbir la bʋk nԑ ka li anԑ biim kanԑ buon vitamin D la pʋ paae li bԑnnԑ.[39]
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta[40]
  • Osteochondritis dissecans[41]
  • Ankylosing spondylitis[42]
  • Biim kanԑ buon fluoride ya’a bԑ kͻnba la pʋʋgin zuoe. Li san’amid kͻnba nԑ dʋta nam la ka zabid hali.[43]

Kͻnba diib ban’a

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Kͻnba diib ban’a la anԑ ban’a kanԑ paad ninsaal ka li yit nԑ o kͻnba biim la na kwie, li na nyaŋi kԑ ka kͻnbir kpԑrig.[44]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ Lee C (January 2001). The Bone Organ System: Form and Function. Academic Press. pp. 3–20. doi:10.1016/B978-012470862-4/50002-7. ISBN 978-0-12-470862-4. Retrieved 30 January 2022 – via Science Direct.
  2. ↑ de Buffrénil V, de Ricqlès AJ, Zylberberg L, Padian K, Laurin M, Quilhac A (2021). Vertebrate skeletal histology and paleohistology (First ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. xii + 825. ISBN 978-1-351-18957-6.
  3. ↑ Langley, Natalie, Tersigni-Terrant, Maria-Teresa, eds. (2017). Forensic Anthropology: A Comprehensive Approach (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-315-30003-0.
  4. ↑ "Types of bone". mananatomy.com. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  5. ↑ "DoITPoMS – TLP Library Structure of bone and implant materials – Structure and composition of bone". Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS). Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge.
  6. ↑ Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson JE, Korol O, Kruse D, et al. (8 June 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 6.2 Bone classification. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
  7. ↑ Clarke B (2008), "Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology", Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 3 (Suppl 3): S131 – S139, doi:10.2215/CJN.04151206, PMC 3152283, PMID 18988698
  8. ↑ Jerez A, Mangione S, Abdala V (2010), "Occurrence and distribution of sesamoid bones in squamates: a comparative approach", Acta Zoologica, 91 (3): 295–305, doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00408.x, hdl:11336/74304
  9. ↑ Pratt R. "Bone as an Organ". AnatomyOne. Amirsys, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Schmidt-Nielsen K (1984). Scaling: Why Is Animal Size So Important?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-31987-4.
  11. ↑ Vincent K. "Topic 3: Structure and Mechanical Properties of Bone". BENG 112A Biomechanics, Winter Quarter, 2013. Department of Bioengineering, University of California. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  12. ↑ Turner CH, Wang T, Burr DB (December 2001). "Shear strength and fatigue properties of human cortical bone determined from pure shear tests". Calcified Tissue International. 69 (6): 373–378. doi:10.1007/s00223-001-1006-1. PMID 11800235. S2CID 30348345.
  13. ↑ Fernández KS, de Alarcón PA (December 2013). "Development of the hematopoietic system and disorders of hematopoiesis that present during infancy and early childhood". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 60 (6): 1273–1289. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.08.002. PMID 24237971.
  14. ↑ Young 2006, pp. 60–61.
  15. ↑ Young 2006, p. 60.
  16. ↑ Young 2006, p. 57.
  17. ↑ Young 2006, p. 46.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Young 2006, p. 58.
  19. ↑ Doyle ME, Jan de Beur SM (December 2008). "The skeleton: endocrine regulator of phosphate homeostasis". Current Osteoporosis Reports. 6 (4): 134–141. doi:10.1007/s11914-008-0024-6. PMID 19032923. S2CID 23298442.
  20. ↑ "Bone Health In Depth". Linus Pauling Institute. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  21. ↑ Walker K. "Bone". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  22. ↑ Hauschka PV, Chen TL, Mavrakos AE (1988). "Polypeptide Growth Factors in Bone Matrix". Ciba Foundation Symposium 136 - Cell and Molecular Biology of Vertebrate Hard Tissues. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 136. pp. 207–225. doi:10.1002/9780470513637.ch13. ISBN 978-0-470-51363-7. PMID 3068010.
  23. ↑ Styner M, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Wu X, Sen B, Uzer G, et al. (August 2017). "Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through β-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 32 (8): 1692–1702. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3159. PMC 5550355. PMID 28436105.
  24. ↑ Fogelman I, Gnanasegaran G, van der Wall H (2013). Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-02400-9.
  25. ↑ Lerro E (2007). "Bone". flipper.diff.org
  26. ↑ Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, et al. (August 2007). "Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton". Cell. 130 (3): 456–469. Bibcode:2007Cell..130..456L. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047. PMC 2013746. PMID 17693256.
  27. ↑ Wilkin D, Gray-Wilson N (8 February 2024). "Bones". CK-12 Foundation.
  28. ↑ "Ossein". The Free Dictionary.
  29. ↑ Hall J (2011). Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 957–960. ISBN 978-08089-2400-5.
  30. ↑ Wopenka B, Pasteris JD (2005). "A mineralogical perspective on the apatite in bone". Materials Science and Engineering: C. 25 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.008.
  31. ↑ Wang B, Zhang Z, Pan H (February 2023). "Bone Apatite Nanocrystal: Crystalline Structure, Chemical Composition, and Architecture". Biomimetics. 8 (1): 90. doi:10.3390/biomimetics8010090. PMC 10046636. PMID 36975320.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Layne JE, Nelson ME (January 1999). "The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 31 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1097/00005768-199901000-00006. PMID 9927006.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 López-García R, Cruz-Castruita R, Morales-Corral P, Banda-Sauceda N, Lagunés-Carrasco J (16 December 2019). "Evaluación del mineral óseo con la dexa en futbolistas juveniles". Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. 19 (76): 617–626. doi:10.15366/rimcafd2019.76.004 (inactive 4 September 2025). hdl:10486/689625. ISSN 1577-0354.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Van Langendonck L, Lefevre J, Claessens AL, Thomis M, Philippaerts R, Delvaux K, et al. (September 2003). "Influence of participation in high-impact sports during adolescence and adulthood on bone mineral density in middle-aged men: a 27-year follow-up study". American Journal of Epidemiology. 158 (6): 525–533. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg170. PMID 12965878.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Davidson 2010, p. 1125.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Ndisang JF, Vannacci A, Rastogi S (2017). "Insulin Resistance, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, and Related Complications 2017". Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017 1478294. doi:10.1155/2017/1478294. PMC 5723935. PMID 29279853.
  37. ↑ Kamrath C, Holl RW, Rosenbauer J (June 2023). "Elucidating the Underlying Mechanisms of the Marked Increase in Childhood Type 1 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic-The Diabetes Pandemic". JAMA Network Open. 6 (6): e2321231. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21231. PMID 37389881.
  38. ↑ "Osteomyelitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  39. ↑ "Osteomalacia and Rickets". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  40. ↑ "Osteogenesis Imperfecta". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  41. ↑ "Osteochondritis Dissecans". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  42. ↑ "Ankylosing Spondylitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  43. ↑ Whitford GM (June 1994). "Intake and metabolism of fluoride". Advances in Dental Research. 8 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1177/08959374940080011001. PMID 7993560. S2CID 21763028.
  44. ↑ Davidson 2010, pp. 1116–1121.
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