Iankim keŋ kʋ'ʋlʋmin la

Ki

Di yinɛ Wikipiidia
ki
Subclass ofcereal grain, grain Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has useDiib, drink, Zɔ’ɔm Dɛmisim gbɛlima


Ki (/ˈmɪlɪts/)[1] anɛ diib buudi kanɛ an' bunbʋta bɛɛ mɔ sieba biili. Ka ba taa kuodi ba dunia la gilli wʋʋ zʋʋd bɛɛ ka kpi'ema dinɛ ka nidib nɛ bʋnkɔn'ɔbid diti li. Ki nam bɛdigʋ bɛ buudi kanɛ ka buon ye Paniceae la.

Ki anɛ nimʋa nɛ yɛlkpan bʋn Asia nɛ Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋsa.Di kas kas anɛ India, Mali, Nigeria, nɛ Niger, kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn ba anɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi di ya'a kɛn teŋ banɛ nyidigid nɛ ki  kuob.[2] Zʋʋd kaŋa sʋm anɛ ye fʋ ya'a bʋt di li, di pʋ yuugida ka  dʋad, ka mɛ pʋ lɛn zɔt nintaŋa.[3] Di yiti mɔri gbin nɛ ban yiti nɔki li pɛ'ɛs ki banɛ ka ba kuod paa la ni.[4] Fʋ ya'a gɔs za' ki ka ba kuodi gat ki nam la wsa.[5]  wʋʋ dinɛ ka ba buon ye Finger millet, proso millet, nɛ foxtail millet la mɛ anɛ ki banɛ an' nimʋa  . Ninsaalib di ki wʋʋ yʋma  tusa ayɔpɔi 7,000 nɛ ka nan kpɛlim bɛ diibin . ka nan zanl yɛlkpan nidib bɛlimɛn ka mukid nɛ agrik ye ba bɔ ki zʋʋd paala pɛ'ɛs ka di sʋŋ tɛmis bɛdigʋ.[3]

Din yi zin'isi’a na

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Sɔb kanɛ an ki ka na’asaalin an millet la yinɛ Old French millet, millot ka Latin mɛ buon millium, 'millet', lin yinɛ Proto-Indo-European buolig *mele-, 'bugusug'.[6]

Pa’alʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Li nwaasim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ki anɛ bi’elim banɛ an baanlig, ka ba kuod yʋʋm wʋsa, ka li si’akid tʋʋlʋg ka paas nɛ mɔɔd buudi ni. Ba tɔ’ɔn zi’enid wak nɛ sakuom bɛɛ tʋʋlʋg ka mɛ mɔr bʋnlinɛ maan ningbina li pʋʋgin wan wʋʋ li bi’elim taaba nɛ.[7][8]


Buudi labakuda

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ atan’ ni (1753), Carl Linnaeus da pʋd ki kanɛ buon foxtail millet la ye Panicum italicum. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ piinɛyi’ ni (1812), Palisot de Beauvois da la’as buudi nam bɛdigʋ ka li kilim Setaria italica buudi.[9]

Otto Stapf da pʋdig Genus Pennisetum yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan’ nɛ anaasi ni (1934) ka ba kilim penicillaria, ka ban mɔr buudi pistan’ nɛ ayi ka banɛ ka ba bʋd la paas, nɛ pʋdigir anaasi si’eba. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1977), J. Brunken nɛ o zuanam da la’as mɔɔgin mɔɔg kanɛ buon P. violaceum ye li paas P. glaucum (pearl millet) buudi ni.[9]

Joseph Gaertner da da buol Finger millet ye Eleusine coracana yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ anii ni (1788).[10]

Buudi tiakir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Lin ti’ak si’em

Ki wannim anɛ soogum nɛ kawɛnna bɛ PACMAD clade mɔɔg buudi ni,[11] ka lɛɛ pʋ wan bi’elim banɛ bɛ BOP clade buudi ni ka ba si’eba an wheat nɛ barley la.[12]

(banɛ paas Poaceae buudi ni)
BOP clade
Bambusoideae (bamboos)
Pooideae
Poeae Avena (oat), fescue, ryegrass
Triticeae
Hordeum (barley)
Triticum (wheat)
Secale (rye)
Oryza (mui)
PACMAD clade
Aristidoideae
Panicoideae (most millets; sorghum; kawenna)
Chloridoideae (finger millet; teff)
Danthonioideae
Arundinoideae
Micrairoideae

Panicoideae pʋʋgin la, soogum (great millet[4]) paas nɛ Andropogoneae buudi ni, amaa ka pearl millet, proso, foxtail, fonio, little millet, sawa, Japanese barnyard millet nɛ kodo paas Paniceae buudi ni.[13][14] Fʋ ya’a gɔs Chloridoideae pʋʋgin mɛn, finger millet paas nɛ Cynodonteae buudi ni, ka teff mɛ paas Eragrostideae buudi ni.[13]

Buudi la’asʋg

Ki buudi nam banɛ bɛ la ka’ yinnɛ. Ba wʋsa paas nɛ Poaceae yir dim ni (mɔɔg la), amaa ba buudi bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb. ki banɛ ka ba kuod bɛdigʋ anɛ:[15]

Eragrostideae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Chloridoideae:

·        Eleusine coracana: Finger millet

·        Eragrostis tef: Teff; ba pʋ gɔs ka lin an ki[16]

Paniceae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Panicoideae:

·        Genus Panicum:

·        Panicum miliaceum: Proso millet (common millet, broomcorn millet, hog millet, bɛɛ white millet, ka ba lɛm buon baragu bɛ Kannada, panivaragu linɛ bɛ Tamil buudi pian’ad ni)

·        Panicum sumatrense: Little millet

·        Panicum hirticaule: Sonoran millet, ka ba kuodi li bɛ American Southwest

·        Cenchrus americanus: Pearl millet

·        Setaria italica: Foxtail millet, Italian millet, panic[17]

·        Genus Digitaria: ban tʋʋma pʋ zuoe[16]

·        Digitaria exilis: ka ba buon white fonio, fonio millet, nɛ hungry mui bɛɛ acha mui

·        Digitaria iburua: Black fonio

·        Digitaria compacta: Raishan, ka ba kuodi li bɛ Khasi Hills kʋkʋna linɛ bɛ northeast India

·        Digitaria sanguinalis: Polish millet

·        Genus Echinochloa: ba la’asi buon bama buudi la ye barnyard grasses bɛɛ barnyard millets

·        Echinochloa esculenta: Japanese barnyard millet

·        Echinochloa frumentacea: Indian barnyard millet

·        Echinochloa stagnina: Burgu millet

·        Echinochloa crus-galli: Common barnyard grass (bɛɛ cockspur grass)

·        Paspalum scrobiculatum: Kodo millet

·        Genus Urochloa (formerly Brachiaria)

·        Urochloa deflexa: Guinea millet

·        Urochloa ramosa: Browntop millet, southern India[18][19]

·        Spodiopogon formosanus: Taiwan oil millet, endemic to Taiwan[20]

Andropogoneae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Panicoideae:

·        Sorghum bicolor: Soogum; ka ba gɔs ka li an bi’elim bʋnni li kɔn’, ba buoni li sansi’eba ye great millet

·        Coix lacryma-jobi: Job's tears, ka ba lɛm buon adlay millet[16]

Ban mɔri kul yin la nɛ nɔbigir/ widigir yɛla

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ki bʋdib dinni an bʋnbʋta dinni kʋdigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ nbɛ Asia ya’yaʋŋ ka li an nɛ lin zɔt sawaʋk la yɛla,[21] ka linɛ kɛ ka li nyaŋi lalik zi’ik.[22] Asia ki kɔnbkɔnb si’ŋnɛ China kin paae kɔldaʋgsabilik kanɛ bɛ Europe Yʋma tʋsa anʋ (5000 BC).[22]

Ki da nnɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ Greece 300 BC pin’nligin sa, ka container titada bani sʋ’ʋd ki da sin’ŋ nɛ Late Bronze Age be Macedonia ne Greece yadatiʋŋ.[23] Hesiod da yel ye “ti’eŋ nɔbigi gilik ki, linɛ ka nidib bʋd waad saŋa”.[24][25] Theophrastus da ye ki ani linɛ nwɛn wɔɔ wheat nɛ third century BC on Enquiry into Plants saŋa.[26]

Biim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Teebul la pa'annɛ biim kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb banɛ bɛ ki kansa buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni, mak nɛ zuud sieba ni.

Nutrient content of raw millets compared to other grains (per 100g)[27]
Crop Protein

(g)

Fibre

(g)

Minerals

(g)

Iron

(mg)

Calcium

(mg)

Sorghum 10 4 1.6 2.6 54
Pearl millet 10.6 1.3 2.3 16.9 38
Finger millet 7.3 3.6 2.7 3.9 344
Foxtail millet 12.3 8 3.3 2.8 31
Proso millet 12.5 2.2 1.9 0.8 14
Kodo millet 8.3 9 2.6 0.5 27
Little millet 7.7 7.6 1.5 9.3 17
Barnyard millet 11.2 10.1 4.4 15.2 11
Brown top millet 11.5 12.5 4.2 0.65 0.01
Quinoa 14.1 7 * 4.6 47
Teff 13 8 0.85 7.6 180
Fonio 11 11.3 5.31 84.8 18
Mui 6.8 0.2 0.6 0.7 10
Bɛliko 11.8 1.2 1.5 5.3 41

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ "Definition of millet". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  2. ↑ McDonough, Cassandrea M.; Rooney, Lloyd W.; Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. (2000). "The Millets". Food Science and Technology: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology. 99 (2nd ed.). CRC Press: 177–210.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cherfas, Jeremy (23 December 2015). "Millet: How A Trendy Ancient Grain Turned Nomads Into Farmers". National Public Radio. The Salt. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  5. ↑ "Annex II: Relative importance of millet species, 1992–94". The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, Trends and Outlook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1996. ISBN 978-92-5-103861-1.
  6. ↑ "millet (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  7. ↑ Fahad, Shah; Bajwa, Ali A.; Nazir, Usman; Anjum, Shakeel A.; Farooq, Ayesha; et al. (29 June 2017). "Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 1147. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01147. PMC 5489704. PMID 28706531.
  8. ↑ Patan, Shaik Sha Valli Khan; Vallepu, Suneetha; Shaik, Khader Basha; Shaik, Naseem; Adi Reddy, Nanja Reddy Yellodu; Terry, Randall G.; Sergeant, Kjell; Hausman, Jean François (2024). "Drought resistance strategies in minor millets: a review". Planta. 260 (1). doi:10.1007/s00425-024-04427-w. ISSN 0032-0935.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 House, L. R. (1995). "Sorghum and millets: History, taxonomy, and distribution". In Dendy, David A.V. (ed.). Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry and Technology (PDF). St. Paul, Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists. pp. 1–9.
  10. ↑ "Eleusine coracana (finger millet)". CABI. 2019. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.20674. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  11. ↑ Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins". New Phytologist. 193 (2): 304–312. Bibcode:2012NewPh.193..304. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x. hdl:2262/73271. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 22115274.
  12. ↑ Escobar, Juan S; Scornavacca, Céline; Cenci, Alberto; Guilhaumon, Claire; Santoni, Sylvain; et al. (2011). "Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 181. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..181E. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-181. PMC 3142523. PMID 21702931.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Clark, Lynn G.; et al. (2022). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) III: An update". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 60 (3): 476–521. Bibcode:2022JSyEv..60..476S. doi:10.1111/jse.12847.
  14. ↑ Morrone, Osvaldo; Aagesen, Lone; Scataglini, Maria A.; Salariato, Diego L.; Denham, Silvia S.; et al. (2012). "Phylogeny of the Paniceae (Poaceae: Panicoideae): integrating plastid DNA sequences and morphology into a new classification". Cladistics. 28 (4): 333–356. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00384.x. PMID 34836451.
  15. ↑ Taylor, John R.N.; Duodu, Kwaku G., eds. (2019). Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry, Technology, and Nutritional Attributes (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-12-811527-5.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Sorghum and millet in human nutrition". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  17. ↑ "panic". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) from classical Latin pānicum (or pānīcum) Italian millet.
  18. ↑ "Browntop Millet" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  19. ↑ Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Brown Top Millet: Origins and Development". In Smith, Claire (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 1021–1024. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
  20. ↑ Takei, Emiko (October 2013). Millet Culture and Indigenous Cuisine in Taiwan. The 2013 International Conference on Chinese Food Culture, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
  21. ↑ Lu, H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, K. B.; Wu, N.; Li, Y.; et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (18): 7367–7372. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7367L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID 19383791.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lawler, A. (2009). "Bridging East and West: Millet on the move". Science. 325 (5943): 942–943. doi:10.1126/science.325_940. PMID 19696328.
  23. ↑ Nesbitt, Mark; Summers, Geoffrey (January 1988). "Some Recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum miliaceum L. and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran". Anatolian Studies. 38 (38): 85–97. doi:10.2307/3642844. JSTOR 3642844. S2CID 84670275. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  24. ↑ Hesiod (September 2013). Hesiod, the Poems and Fragments, Done Into English Prose. Theclassics Us. pp. fragments S396–423. ISBN 978-1-230-26344-1.
  25. ↑ "The Poems and Fragments | Online Library of Liberty".
  26. ↑ Theophrastus; Arthur Hort (1916). Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs, with an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort, bart.
  27. ↑ Chattopadhyay, P. K. (2023). Millet Production, Processing and Value-Added Products Handbook. India: NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. p. 536. ISBN 978-81-969153-4-6. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
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