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Niiŋ

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Niiŋ
taxon, organisms known by a particular common name
Subclass ofVertebrata Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameAves Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankclass Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonOrnithurae Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon common namebirds, fugler, chiáu, 鳥, ptiči Dɛmisim gbɛlima
This taxon is source ofegg as food, feather, Ni'im, bird faeces Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Studied byornithology Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Hashtagbirds, bird, birb Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Code of nomenclatureInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Usesbird flight, bird food, broodiness Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Mode of reproductionoviparity Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Produced soundbird vocalization Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🐦 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has listlist of birds Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Niiŋ anɛ bunkɔnb-kanɛ ian'ad ka mɔr kpukpama nɛ nya'aŋ kɔnbir. Ba yinɛ dinosaurs. Fט ya'a gɔs tituaa nɛ niimis anɛ dinosaurs.[1] Pian'aטk kanɛ an "niiŋ-nwɛnim la" anɛ avian. Niimis anɛ bטŋkɔb banɛ buudi mɔr ziim tuul. Ba kpamkpama la sטŋidi ba ka ba niŋgbina tטטlim la pט yita.[2][3] Nananna niimis la pט mɔr nyinaa. Ba mɔr nɔɔr ka li kpi'im. ba nyɛ'ɛd gɛla ka li gɛl nwaaטŋ la kpi'im. Ba metabolic rate la bɛ nɛ agɔl nɛ nya'aŋ gטdטg kɔnbir kanɛ fa'as ka lɛɛ kpi'im. Ba sunsuf la pטnɛ zin'isa anaasi.

Niimis bɛ dunia la wטsa ni. Ba wa'ali anɛ 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.70 m (9 ft) wטט ostrich nɛ. Ba buudi anɛ wɛnɛ tusa kɔbis piiga yɛla. Ka bama wטsa la pטsטg anɛ passerines, bɛɛ perching niimis.

Niimis mɔr kpamkpama. Niimis anɛ buudi kɔn'ɔb - kɔn' b ka mɛ mɔr kpamkpama la kɔn'ɔb - kɔn'ɔb. Niimis banɛ buudi ka ti mi'iba anɛ extinct moa nɛ wabid niimis la.

Fט ya'a ye fט gɔ zamisidibi mamis siem, nananna niimis la (Neornithes) da bɛnɛ Late Cretaceous kudimin la bɛ pin'iligטn nɛ kudimin Cretaceous (100 Ma) la teŋsטk ka ba da kɛna nabi nab bɛ Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event saŋa la yטma miliyɔn pisyuobט nɛ ayuobט (66 million), dinɛ da kט pterosaurs nɛ banɛ kaae-ornithuran dinosaurs la wטsa.[4][5]



| name = Birds | fossil_range = Upper Cretaceous-Present Tɛmpilet:Fossil range

Red-crested turacoSteller's sea eagleRock doveSouthern cassowaryGentoo penguinBar-throated minlaShoebillGrey crowned craneAnna's hummingbirdRainbow lorikeetGrey heronEurasian eagle-owlWhite-tailed tropicbirdIndian peafowlAtlantic puffinAmerican flamingoBlue-footed boobyKeel-billed toucan

| image_caption = Examples of various avian orders. Row 1: Red-crested turaco, shoebill, white-tailed tropicbird
Row 2: Steller's sea eagle, grey crowned crane, common peafowl
Row 3: Great hornbill, Anna's hummingbird, Atlantic puffin
Row 4: Southern cassowary, rainbow lorikeet, American flamingo
Row 5: Gentoo penguin, grey heron, blue-footed booby
Row 6: Bar-throated minla, Eurasian eagle-owl, keel-billed toucan | taxon = Aves | authority = Linnaeus, 1758[6] | subdivision_ranks = Living Orders | subdivision = | synonyms = * Neornithes Gadow, 1883 }}

External anatomy of a bird (example: yellow-wattled lapwing): 1 Beak, 2 Head, 3 Iris, 4 Pupil, 5 Mantle, 6 Lesser coverts, 7 Scapulars, 8 Median coverts, 9 Tertials, 10 Rump, 11 Primaries, 12 Vent, 13 Thigh, 14 Tibio-tarsal articulation, 15 Tarsus, 16 Foot, 17 Tibia, 18 Belly, 19 Flanks, 20 Breast, 21 Throat, 22 Wattle, 23 Eyestripe
Bird beaks as adaptations

Diib buor

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Niimis zina nwa pʋ mɔr nyinaa, ka sieba vɔn ban gban’e bʋnsi’a wʋsa din an si'em la mummi. La’anɛ wala, asɛɛ ka ba bu’as diib la vol ka li nyaan buoe kpɛn’ɛ niŋgbiŋ la pʋʋgin. Linɛ an yiiga, ba kʋkɔya la ni (kʋkɔr daag) ba mɔr yɛɛg. Yɛɛg la su’ad diib kanɛ ka ba dit ka li nyaan buodi kpɛn’ɛd niŋgbiŋin la. Wala kɛt ka niiŋ la tɔ’ɔn dit diib buudi bɛdigʋ, ka ianki kɛŋ zin’ig kanɛ ka daamʋg ka’asigɛ ye li buoe.

Pʋʋr la ti’al, li pʋdʋg nɛ zin’is ayi. Zin’ig yinnɛ anɛ sappi ka yalim anina ka bʋnvʋya banɛ buod diib la maan. Pʋʋr la zin’ig kanɛ kpɛlim la anɛ pɛlim la. Nɛ’ɛŋa anɛ kpi’eŋʋ, ka nɛɛmid diib. Niimis banɛ dit bʋnbʋta ma’a la mɔr pɛlim (ka li mɔr kuga bibisi li pʋʋgin). Ku'om kanɛ bɛɛ ba pʋʋgin la kɛt ka zimi kɔnba nyaŋidi buod. Diib kanɛ nɛɛm bi’ela la yʋ’ʋn lɛbid nɛ bɛ nyɔnd la ni, anina ka li buodi kpɛn’ɛd ningbiŋin la. Bʋnlinɛ kʋ nyaŋi buoe, nwan wʋʋ kɔnbilig, ba ʋkidi li yisid nɔɔrin na ka ka’a gbinninnɛ.[7]

Niimis banɛ ɔnbid ni’im mɔr pʋʋr ka li kpi’em hali ka ba nyaŋidi vɔn bʋnvʋya titada. Niiŋ kanɛ ka ba buon blue heron na nyaŋi vɔl ziiŋ tita’ar ka si’elsi’el pʋ maal o.[8] Raptors mɛ anɛ banɛ ɛɛti nɔki ba nɔba gban’e bʋnvʋya si’eba ka mɔri ba nɔɔri aansidi li dit.

Dʋ’am

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dʋʋb

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Niimis mɔr ziim kanɛ tʋl nwan wʋʋ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dʋ’ad, ama aba pʋ dʋ’ada. Ba nyɛ’ɛd nɛ gɛla wan wʋʋ banɛ vuud tɛŋin nɛ, amaa niiŋ gɛlwaŋ la kpi’em nɛ. Niiŋ bil nɔbigid nɛ gɛlwaŋ la pʋʋgin, ka bakwainam bi’ela nya’aŋ ka li wiak (naan gɛl la pʋʋgin yina).

Swans mate for life


Waad win, niimis dʋ’ad yʋʋm pʋʋgin nɛ nɔɔra abʋyinnɛ ma’a. Niimis banɛ kɛn tɛŋ lallii tɔ’ɔn nyɛ’ɛ gɛla nɔɔra ayi yʋʋm pʋʋgin.

Niimis buudi kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piswai nɛ anu dʋt anɛ daʋ yinnɛ pʋ’a yinnɛ.[9] Niimis bama la’asid taaba ala ti paad biis wiakir nya’aŋ. Sieba gba’ anɛ wan wʋʋ daʋ nɛ o pʋ’a nɛ ti paad kum na ti nɔk yinnɛ. Daʋ yinnɛ pʋ’a yinnɛ sʋŋidi ba, bʋnya’as la na bɔɔd bʋndaad la sʋŋir ye ba nyaŋi gɔsi ba biis la sʋ’ʋŋa.[10] Li sʋ’ʋm nam zu'oe ya: ba pʋ gat ka bat tɛk la ka sɔ’ kae anina gʋri li, yinnɛ na bɛ gʋr tɛk la. Niimis pʋ zu'oe ka ba dataas lɛɛ zu'oe.

Niimis sieba dʋti ba bʋn-nya’as la ba nyɔvʋr bɛn wʋsa ka pʋ ti’akida, wan wʋʋ daʋ nɛ o pʋ’a na di taaba nɛ. Niimis bama si’eba anɛ pigeons, geese, nɛ cranes. Niimis si’eba mɛ ti’asid pʋ’ab bɛɛ sidib yʋʋm wʋsa. Niimis banɛ ti’asid pʋ’ab la, pʋ mɔr pʋ’a bɛɛ sid yinnɛ ma’a nɛ. Niiŋ kanɛ an bʋndaag la na maal on na nyaŋ si’em paam niiŋ nya’aŋ la. Ba tɔ’ɔn yʋʋm yʋʋma, wa’ad, bɛɛ pa’ani ba kɔnbid bɛɛ mɛ’ niiŋ tɛk vɛnliŋ. Niiŋ daad la si’eba kɔnbilig vɛnl hali ka ba mɔri paamid niim nya’amis la. Ba yinnɛ anɛ peacock onɛ na nyaŋi widig o kɔnbilig la ka li lusi ba zuur ka wan wʋʋ fan.

Niimis buudi si’eba dɔlisid suosi’eba nyɛ’ɛd gɛla. Bʋn-nya’aŋ yinnɛ mɔr bʋndaʋg yinnɛ, bʋnya’aŋ yinnɛ mɔr bʋndaad bɛdigʋ, bʋndaʋg yinnɛ mɔr bʋnya’as bɛdigʋ, bʋnya’as bɛdigʋ dɔl bʋndaad bɛdigʋ mɛ maani ba sʋʋgin.[11] Bʋnya’as ya’a na nyaŋi gɔsi ba biis ka kʋ bɔɔd bʋndaad sʋŋirɛ, lin ka ba dɔl bʋndaad la bɛdigʋ.[11] Ba buudi si’eba dɔl suoya bɛdigʋ dɔlisid yelsi’eba pʋʋgin.

Tɛk maalig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Niiŋ ya’a paam bʋndaʋg bɛɛ bʋnya’aŋi naae, linɛ kpɛlim anɛ ba ia zin’ig kanɛ an sʋ’ʋm nyɛ’ɛ gɛla. Zin’ig kanɛ an sʋ’ʋm la bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb kati wa’a nɛ lin an niiŋ buudi si’a, amaa ba tita’am maan tɛɛd. Li saŋa ya’a paae, nyamis na kpɛ’ɛ o ka o ia zin’ig ye o nyɛ gɛl.[12] Niimis tɔ’ɔn maali ba tɛɛd tiig zug, kʋkʋn zug, bɛɛ tɛŋin kati wa’a nɛ niiŋ la an buudi si’a. Ba ya’a nyɛ’ɛ gɛla la, saŋa wʋsa, ba yinnɛ gʋri li nɛ ka ba wʋsa la’asi yʋ’ʋn an yinnɛe. Yelmɛŋir anɛ ye li tɔi hali nɛ gɛla la na vʋ’ʋg, bʋndaʋg la bɛɛ bʋnya’aŋ la ya’a kpi ka bas o tiraan la.

Robins maani ba tɛk ka li an gbilig ka ba nɔk mɔɔdi maal ka nɔk kɔnbiligi niŋ pʋʋgin la, ka bɔ la’ad banɛ bʋgʋsi tɛ’ɛg pʋʋgin. Swallows bɔɔd ye ba tɛɛd kpi’e taaba. Ba mɔr nɛ ya’adi maani ba tɛɛd la, tɛk la nɔɔrin ka ba bʋligi li anina ka li nyaŋi lʋs sʋ’ʋŋa. Niimis bɛdigʋ bɔɔd tiis banɛ mɔr yɔk ye bam aal tɛɛd la ba pʋʋgin. Wibid tɛɛd anɛ dakpiilima ka ba mɔri maani ya’an tiis banɛ wa’am bɛɛ zuor zug. Scrub turkeys la’asid vaand bɛdigʋ ka li na wan wʋʋ 10 metres giligi li. Guillemots nyɛ’ɛdi ba gɛla pa’an tampiins zug ka pʋ mɔr tɛk baa bi’elaa. Ba gɛla la an si’em la, ba bilimid agɔl la ka lɛɛ pʋ lut tɛŋinɛ. Cuckoo pʋ maan o mɛŋ tɛkkɔ. Ba nyɛ’ɛdi ba gɛla paasidi ba taaba gɛla ni ka basidi li tisid ye ba gʋri li. Cuckoo gɛla la anɛ soogia fuud la bɔɔnlim la an si’em la.

Ba ya’a maal tɛɛg la naae, niimis la yʋ’ʋn na la’as taaba ka gɛl la yina wi’ak biisi pin’il nɔbigir. Niimis pʋ wan wʋʋ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dʋ’ad la, ban (nɛ banɛ vuud tɛŋin) mɔr vɔɔnr yinnɛ ka ba mɔr anina maan biis ka lɛn yisid la’abanɛ ka ningbiŋ pʋ mɔri ba tʋʋm la vɔɔnr kan nɔɔ ni. Vɔɔnr la yʋ’ʋri buon cloaca na’asaalin. Niiŋ nya’aŋ, ka ba buon bʋnya’aŋ, mɔr dʋ’asiŋ ayi, ka onɛ bɛ adagɔbʋg la maan gɛla la.

Niimis banɛ an bʋndaad la tita’am pʋ mɔr yʋ’or ka fʋ na nyɛɛ li. Amaa ba pʋʋgin, ba mɔr lambiili ayi banɛ ka ba mɔri maan ku'om kanɛ la’asid nɛ bʋnya’aŋ la. Niimis duub anɛ ban na la’as taaba nɔki ba vɔnya la bɛ gbinin la ta’al taaba, amaa niiŋ si’eba, tita’am anɛ banɛ bɛ ku'omin, ba bʋndaad la mɔr yʋ’or ka li bɛɛ ba vɔɔnr la pʋʋgin.

Wi’akir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ba ya’a dʋ bʋnya’aŋ la, o na nyɛ’ɛ gɛla ka biis nɔbigidi ba pʋʋgin. Bʋnya’aŋ la nyɛ’ɛd gɛl tɛk la pʋʋgin. Li tɔ’ɔn an gɛl yinnɛ ma’a bɛɛ babiga. Emus buudi nyɛ’ɛd gɛla ka li zuoedi paad piinɛ nu ka an bɛda dɛn’ɛm. Ba ya’a nyɛ’ɛ gɛla la nya’aŋ, ba na zi’ini li zugu lusi li ka tʋʋlʋg bɛɛ li ka biis la nyaŋi nɔbig pʋʋgin. Niimis si’eba la’asid taaba tɛk la maalig saŋa sa, ka li sʋ’ʋm anɛ ye ba pʋdʋgid tʋʋma la nɛ. Niimis bɛdigʋ si’eba ti’asid nɛ um gɛla la, lin na niŋ si’em ka ba taaba la nyaŋi yii  di.

Li ka’a ala saŋa wʋsaa. Emus buudi la yela ka’a alaa, bʋndaʋg la ʋm gɛla la ka gur biis la. Ka emperor penguins mɛn, bʋndaʋg la gʋr gɛla la. Gɛl yinnɛ ma’a bɛ, linɛ ka o gʋri o nɔba nɛ ka nɔk o kɔnbilig la ligil, ba na bɛɛ ba taaba sa’an  ala ka kʋ di si’ela nɛ gɛl la na ti wi’ak biig. Gɛla la ti wi’akid la, ka bʋnya’aŋ la bɛ kɔlʋgin gban’ad zimi, lin na niŋ si’em ka ba diis biis la.

Niiŋ si’eba nɔkid gɛl la niŋid mɔɔd nɛ vaand pʋʋgin ka ʋm bɛɛ ban on nɔki li pa’al agɔl. Sa’ad la ya’a pʋ’oe, li kɛt nɛ ka zin’ig la tʋl gɛl la bɔɔd si’em.

Evolusin nɛ takzonomi

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tɛmpilet:Main

Slab of stone with fossil bones and feather impressions
Archaeopteryx, the earliest known bird
White slab of rock left with cracks and impression of bird feathers and bone, including long paired tail feathers
Confuciusornis, a Cretaceous bird from China


Palaeontologists dim da nyɛ banɛ bɛɛ ba kɔn ka ba bɛ zin'isieba (lagerstätten) dinɛ ka fossils la ka ba da nyɛ yiigin niimis la. Gudim la anɛ tituuli pian'asטŋ bɛ ba kɔnbid la ni, ka saŋa sieba diib banɛ kpɛlim la wטsa ka ba diti li. Nɛ'ɛnam wטsa dinɛ kpɛlimn la yitnɛ niimis fiinsa banɛ an carnivorous dinosaurs (theropods) bɛ Jurassic period la.[13] Ba da ɛɛnti nyɛnlignɛ liɛb bɛdigט bɛ Lower Cretaceous la. Saŋa kan ba competitors banɛ kpi'e nɛ ba la, pterosaurs, ka li ke ka ba kanl sie nɛ ba buudi kena bɔdig nyain bɛ Mesozoic la.

Taxonomists nɔk niimis nɛ ye ba anɛ 'Aves' (Avialae). Niimis ma'aa an bטnvטr banɛ bɛ dinosaurs (fט ya'a gɔs nɛ nimua ba anɛ dinosaurs). Niimis nɛ Crocodilia ma'aa an bטnvטya banɛ pט mɔr paŋa bɛ Archosaur reptiles buudi la ni.

Pa'alטg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Aves nɛ banɛ wɛn taaba buudi , dɔlisid Crocodilia an siem, mɔri bטŋvטr kanɛ zieni tis dinɛ anɛ clade Archosauria la. Yטטm tusir kɔbis wai nɛ piswai (1990s), Aves niimis buudi la da anɛ dinɛ ka sɔ' wטsט da pa'al ye ba anɛ niim banɛ an nananna niimis la buudi (phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds nɛ Archaeopteryx lithographica).[14] Amaa Jacques Gauthier da mɔri o pa'aligט yi na bɛ yטma tusa pisyi nɛyinne la ni (21st century) scientists pɛɛs nɛ adherents paae PhyloCode. Gauthier da pa'al ye Aves yɛla la'am pɛɛs nɛ the only crown group la ka ba mi'i ba ka an fossils, ka maali ba, ka ban naanɛ aan Avialae bɛdigט buudi la,[15] dinɛ pa'al ye clade la anɛ banɛ an extent spicies la nar ye li mɔr bɛn nɛ banɛ kpi'ie nɛ taaba la.[15]

Gauthier nɛ de Queiroz da pa'al dinɛ biological yט'טr "Aves" la pa'alטg nami anaasi dinɛ an yɛla.[16] O da sɔbidi la bɛɛ sɔbsɔbid la da pa'al ye ba kel ka Aves yט'טr la tis crown group la nɛ banɛ yi zin'i buud sia ni na,[16] dinɛ ka li gbin pa'alטg dɔl nɛ kanli anaasi la bɛ tɛŋir. Ba nɔk yטda tis buud sieba nɛ banɛ bɛ.

  1. Aves tun'e pa'al ye archosaurs nam wטsa banɛ niimisi gat banɛ wɛnɛ crocodiles (bɛɛ Avemetatarsalia).
  2. Aves mɛ tun'e lɛm pa'al ye archosaurs banɛ mɔr kpamkpam bɛda (bɛɛ Avifilopluma).
  3. Aves tun'e pa'al ye dinosaurs banɛ mɔr kpamkpam iand la (bɛɛ Avialae).
  4. Aves tun'e pa'al ban yi zin'i sia na nɛ niimis banɛ wטsa vטe la, nɛ banɛ wטsa yit "crown group", nɛ Neornithes (a "crown group", in this sense synonymous with Neornithes).

Dinosaurs nɛ niimisi yit zin'isia Tɛmpilet:Main Tɛmpilet:Cladogram

Simplified phylogenetic tree showing the relationship between modern birds and other dinosaurs[17]

Di ya'a an fossil nɛ biological nyɛ siel la vikki la, scientists dim siakya ye niimis la lɛm pɛɛs theropod dinosaurs[18] nɛ kas-kas anɛ yit Maniraptora gniin la dinɛ an theropods pɛɛs dromaeosaurids and oviraptorosaurs, nɛ banɛ bɛ.[19] Scientist la da baŋ ka theropods la wɛn nɛ niimis la bɛdigט, da an dinɛ nyɛt tituaa nɛ. Yטma tusa ayi saŋa la mi'ilim di banɛ bɛ Liaoning Province, northeast China la, banɛ da p'al ye theropod feathered dinosaurs la sט'טoe ka bi'esim-bi'esim kaŋa bɛ.[20][21][22]

Anchiornis huxleyi is an important source of information on the early evolution of birds in the Late Jurassic period.[23]





Kanlטg saŋa bɛ contemporary palaeontology la anɛ banɛ theropods, bɛɛ avialans la da anɛ banɛ iand da anɛ banɛ pט lal nɛ deinonychosaurs, banɛ an dromaeosaurids nɛ troodontids.[24] Pɛɛs nɛ buud banɛ ka ba buon ye Paraves. Basal buudi sieba banɛ an Deinonychosauria, banɛ an Microraptor, mɔr kpamkpama dinɛ sטŋidi ba ka ba nyaŋidi iand. Banɛ an basal deinonychosaur la pɔɔdnɛ pamm. Nɛ'ɛŋa pa'al ye di anɛ na'ana ka sɔ' na nyaŋi pa'al ye ba yiti paravians buudi la ni na ka tun'e yi arboreal buudi la ni na ka na nyaŋi iank.[25][26] Pט wɛnɛ Archaeopteryx nɛ banɛ kaae avialan dinosaurs kpamakpama la, ka dit ni'im la, zamisטg pa'al ye yiiga avialans nam la da anɛ omnivores.[27]

Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx la da anɛ banɛ ka wטsa da mi'i ye ba yiiga traditional fossils banɛ ka ba nyɛɛ ba ka ba da nyɛ ka li sטŋ dinɛ an theory of evolution bɛ19th centuries la ni. Archaeopteryx da an yiiga fossil kanɛ ka ba da mɔri yina pa'al nyain ka li an traditional reptilian characteristics—yina, ka ba nɔba mɔr nu'ug ɛɛns, ka wa'am, ka ba zטטr wɛni abaŋgya zטטrnɛ - ka mɛ lɛm mɔr kpטkpam banɛ ia'and ka li wɛni nananna niimis la nɛ. Ba pט siak ye li anɛ niimis buudi yi zin'ig sia la kpan'akpan'aa nɛ, amaa di kudim tu'olnɛ nɛ niim ban buudi.[28]

Pin'iligטŋ ɛvolusin

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Gɔsim kpala pɛɛs: Fossil niimis genera buudi

White slab of rock left with cracks and impression of bird feathers and bone, including long paired tail feathers
Confuciusornis sanctus, a Cretaceous bird from China that lived 125 million years ago, is the oldest known bird to have a beak.[29]

Banɛ mɔr nananna niimis la itima la anɛ wɛnii 40% kɔbiga pטטgin da bɛ yטma miliyɔn pisyuobu (60) la saŋa yiiga niimis banɛ da dɛŋim bɛ an bird-line archosaurs tis yiiga maniraptoromorphs, dinɛ an, yiiga dinosaurs wɛnɛ niimbanɛ vטoe la gat Tyrannosaurus rex. Ka osteoderms banɛ da an nana'a bɛ archosaurs nɛ acquisition ka ba kpamkpama la wɛn taaba bɛ yiiga phase la.[30][31] Maniraptoromorpha da yi saŋa sia na la nyaŋ, wɛnɛ yטma miliyɔn pisnaasi saŋa (40 million) na ti kena ya'aŋ la, di da kpɛ pin'ilnɛ anina ka ba niŋgbina sin'iŋi sied ka ba neotenic (juvenile-like) itima la lɛɛ nɔbigid. Hypercarnivory la da yט'טm kpɛm nɔbigidnɛ bɛ zin'ig wטsa ka ba zug waטŋ la an bɛridi ka ba tuon nɔba la mɛ wa'ama - wa'ama.[30] Ba integument baŋir yט'טm da tɔinɛ, pennaceous kpamkpama.[31]


Slab of stone with fossil bones and feather impressions
Archaeopteryx, the earliest known bird
White slab of rock left with cracks and impression of bird feathers and bone, including long paired tail feathers
Confuciusornis, a Cretaceous bird from China



  • Blue tit
    Blue tit
  • Male house sparrow
    Male house sparrow
  • Male chaffinch
    Male chaffinch
  • White-breasted nuthatch
    White-breasted nuthatch

Niimis buudi pטטb

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Niimis banɛ bɛ nananna la buudi wusa yinɛ Aves buudi la ni, di pטnɛ zin'isa ayi: Palaeognathae nɛ Neognathae, banɛ mɔr niimis buudi wusa.[32] Buudi ayi bama wusa mɔr yט'טbanɛ an superorder,[33] cohort,[13] bɛɛ infraclass.[34] Niimis banɛ vui ka nidib mi'i ba kanl na an nwɛnɛ Tusa piinɛ yinne (11,000)[35][36] amaa kal la tun'e an kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb zin'is kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni.

Cladogram dinɛ pa'an kpinnim kanɛ bɛ Stiller et al (2024).[37] Pa'an zi'esim nam pisnaasi nɛ anaasi (44) banɛ ka IOC mi' ba yɛla.[35]

Struthioniformes (ostriches)
Notopalaeognathae
Tinamiformes (tinamous)
Rheiformes (rheas)
Novaeratitae
Apterygiformes (kiwis)
Casuariiformes (emu and cassowaries)
Neognathae
Galloanserae
Galliformes (chickens, pheasants, and relatives)
Anseriformes (ducks, geese, and relatives)
Neoaves
Mirandornithes
Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)
Podicipediformes (grebes)
Columbaves
Columbimorphae
Columbiformes (pigeons and doves)
Pteroclimesites
Mesitornithiformes (mesites)
Pterocliformes (sandgrouse)
Otidimorphae
Musophagiformes (turacos)
Otidiformes (bustards)
Cuculiformes (cuckoos)
Passerea
Elementaves
Gruae
Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)
Gruimorphae
Gruiformes (rails and cranes)
Charadriiformes (waders, gulls, and relatives)
Strisores
Caprimulgiformes (nightjars)
Vanescaves
Sedentaves
Nyctibiiformes (potoos)
Steatornithiformes (oilbirds)
Letornithes
Podargiformes (frogmouths)
Apodimorphae
Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars)
Apodiformes (swifts, treeswifts and hummingbirds)
Phaethoquornithes
Eurypygimorphae
Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)
Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu)
Aequornithes
Gaviiformes (loons/divers)
Feraequornithes
Austrodyptornithes
Procellariiformes (albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels)
Sphenisciformes (penguins)
Pelecanimorphae
Ciconiiformes (storks)
Pelecanes
Suliformes (frigatebirds, gannets, cormorants, and darters)
Pelecaniformes (pelicans, herons and ibises)
Telluraves
Afroaves
Hieraves
Strigiformes (owls)
Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, vultures, and relatives)
Coraciimorphae
Coliiformes (mousebirds)
Cavitaves
Leptosomiformes (cuckoo roller)
Eucavitaves
Trogoniformes (trogons)
Picocoraciae
Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoes and relatives)
Picodynastornithes
Coraciiformes (kingfishers, rollers, bee-eaters and relatives)
Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)
Australaves
Cariamiformes (seriemas)
Eufalconimorphae
Falconiformes (falcons and caracaras)
Psittacopasseres
Psittaciformes (parrots)
Passeriformes (passerines)

Niimisi an siem

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Nɛ'ɛŋ an niimis yטda ban dɔl siem

Niimis Kanli Sied Siem

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Yטma anu wטsa BirdLife International dimi makidi pa'an niimis kanl dunia wטsa.Yinne niimis buudi ayi la ni ɛɛnti sienɛ "in decline".[38]

Zin'ig bama buudi

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  • Niimisi yit zin'isia na
  • Niimisi tɔɔmid teŋ siem

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ Chiappe L.M. & Dyke G.J. 2002. The Mesozoic radiation of birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:91–124.
  2. ↑ McNeil Alexander R. 1975. The Chordates. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 20472 0. Chapter 11: Birds.
  3. ↑ Prum, Richard O. 1999. Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 285 (4): 291–306. [1]
  4. ↑ Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). "A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds". Sci Adv. 1 (11): e1501005. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E1005C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005. PMC 4730849. PMID 26824065.
  5. ↑ Brocklehurst, Neil; Field, Daniel J. (2024). "Tip dating and Bayes factors provide insight into the divergences of crown bird clades across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 291 (2016): 20232618. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2618. PMC 10865003. PMID 38351798.
  6. ↑ Tɛmpilet:Cite web
  7. ↑ Zaher, Mostafa 2012. Anatomical, histological and histochemical adaptations of the avian alimentary canal to their food habits: I-Coturnix coturnix. Life Science Journal 9: 252–275. [6] Archived 2021-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ lue heron swallows large prey. [7] Archived 2020-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Freed, Leonard A. 1987. The long-term pair bond of tropical house wrens: advantage or constraint?. The American Naturalist. 130 (4): 507–525. doi:10.1086/284728
  10. ↑ Gowaty, Patricia A. (1983). "Male parental care and apparent monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis)". The American Naturalist. 121 (2): 149–160. doi:10.1086/284047. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 84258620.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gill, Frank 1995. Ornithology. New York: Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-2415-4
  12. ↑ Meurisse J. Gonzalez A. Delsol, G. Caba M. Levy F. Poindron P. 2005. Estradiol receptor-α expression in hypothalamic and limbic regions of ewes is influenced by physiological state and maternal experience. Hormones and Behavior. 48 (1): 34–43. [8] Archived 2021-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Livezey, BC; Zusi, RL (2007). "Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149 (1): 1–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x. ISSN 0024-4082. PMC 2517308. PMID 18784798.
  14. ↑ Padian, Kevin; Philip J. Currie (1997). "Bird Origins". Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 41–96. ISBN 0-12-226810-5.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gauthier, Jacques (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, Kevin (ed.). The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science. Vol. 8. San Francisco, CA: Published by California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55. ISBN 0-940228-14-9.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Gauthier, J.; de Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves". In Gauthier, J. A.; Gall, L. F. (eds.). New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. pp. 7–41.
  17. ↑ Tɛmpilet:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Prum, Richard O. (19 December 2008). "Who's Your Daddy?". Science. 322 (5909): 1799–1800. doi:10.1126/science.1168808. PMID 19095929.
  19. ↑ Paul, Gregory S. (2002). "Looking for the True Bird Ancestor". Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 171–224. ISBN 0-8018-6763-0.
  20. ↑ Norell, Mark; Mick Ellison (2005). Unearthing the Dragon: The Great Feathered Dinosaur Discovery. New York: Pi Press. ISBN 0-13-186266-9.
  21. ↑ Borenstein, Seth (31 July 2014). "Study traces dinosaur evolution into early birds". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  22. ↑ Lee, Michael S. Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (1 August 2014). "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds". Science. 345 (6196): 562–566. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..562L. doi:10.1126/science.1252243. PMID 25082702.
  23. ↑ Li, Q.; Gao, K.-Q.; Vinther, J.; Shawkey, M. D.; Clarke, J. A.; d'Alba, L.; Meng, Q.; Briggs, D. E. G. & Prum, R. O. (2010). "Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur" (PDF). Science. 327 (5971): 1369–1372. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1369L. doi:10.1126/science.1186290. PMID 20133521.
  24. ↑ Xing Xu; Hailu You; Kai Du; Fenglu Han (28 July 2011). "An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae". Nature. 475 (7357): 465–470. doi:10.1038/nature10288. PMID 21796204.
  25. ↑ Turner, Alan H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J. A.; Erickson, G. M.; Norell, M. A. (7 September 2007). "A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight". Science. 317 (5843): 1378–1381. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1378T. doi:10.1126/science.1144066. PMID 17823350.
  26. ↑ Xu, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Kuang, X.; Zhang, F.; Du, X. (23 January 2003). "Four-winged dinosaurs from China" (PDF). Nature. 421 (6921): 335–340. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..335X. doi:10.1038/nature01342. PMID 12540892.
  27. ↑ Luiggi, Christina (July 2011). "On the Origin of Birds". The Scientist. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  28. ↑ Mayr, G.; Pohl, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D. S. (January 2007). "The tenth skeletal specimen of Archaeopteryx". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149 (1): 97–116. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x.
  29. ↑ Ivanov, M.; Hrdlickova, S.; Gregorova, R. (2001). The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils. Netherlands: Rebo Publishers. p. 312.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Cau, Andrea (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2018.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (September 2019). "The Early Origin of Feathers". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 34 (9): 856–869. Bibcode:2019TEcoE..34..856B. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018. hdl:10468/8068. PMID 31164250.
  32. ↑ Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267.
  33. ↑ Ritchison, Gary. "Bird biogeography". Avian Biology. Eastern Kentucky University. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  34. ↑ Cracraft, J. (2013). "Avian Higher-level Relationships and Classification: Nonpasseriforms". In Dickinson, E. C.; Remsen, J. V. (eds.). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K. pp. xxi–xli.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela C. (eds.). "IOC World Bird List: Welcome". IOC World Bird List. 14.2. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  36. ↑ "October 2022 | Clements Checklist". www.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  37. ↑ Stiller, Josefin; Feng, Shaohong; Chowdhury, Al-Aabid; Rivas-González, Iker; Duchêne, David A.; Fang, Qi; Deng, Yuan; Kozlov, Alexey; Stamatakis, Alexandros; Claramunt, Santiago; Nguyen, Jacqueline
  38. ↑ Devokaitis, Marc 2018. Global Report: 40% of world’s birds are in decline Archived 2019-05-25 at the Wayback Machine All About Birds
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