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Siing

Dɛmisim tɔ'ɔŋir suoya la
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Siing
clade
Subclass ofInsecta Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has usebee nest Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameAnthophila Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankno value Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonApoidea Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon common nameapis, bee Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Start time100 million years BCE Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Studied bymelittology Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Described at URLhttps://neal.fun/earth-reviews/bees Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Produced soundhumming Dɛmisim gbɛlima
MCN code0106.41.00 Dɛmisim gbɛlima


Bumblebee at work

Siing anɛ yimmir ka Siins an babʋg anɛ bʋnvʋ-ian'adir kanɛ yit Hymenoptera, ka ba buudi anɛ ganliŋgaand, tangbɛɛnl nam nɛ pʋmpɔɔs. Bama anɛ wɛnɛ tusa kɔbis pisyi siings buudi.[1] Siins yisid malisim kanɛ tiis puum ni. Siins bɛ dunia ni zin'isnam la wטsa ka li ya'a ka'aenɛ Antarctica teŋin la ma'aa nɛ.

Siins pטnɛ buudi zin's babig:

  • siing banɛ maan kpaam, la'am nɛ Africanized honeybee la, ba bɛnɛ genus Apis la ni. Di anɛ Europe ka ba da dɛŋim baŋi li, bɛ Eocene–Oligocene boundary la ni.
  • Bumble siins: ban kɔn'ɔb 250 bɛ Apidae buudi la ni.
  • Siing banɛ dumid bɛɛ tɔɔnd:[2] ban kɔn'ɔb 550 bɛ Meliponini buudi la ni.
  • Solitary siins: solitary ka di pa'al ye ba bטnya'aŋ wטsa tun'e wiak bii, ka bɛ o dɔɔg pטטgin biindi o mɛŋ. Bama buudi anɛ anwa biela la nwa' tituuli anɛ carpenter siins, leafcutter siins nɛ mason siins (nɛ banɛ bɛ).

Europ dim siing banɛ maan siins la (banɛ gɔsid bטŋkɔnbi zamisטg la buoni ba nɛ ye Apis mellifera), ka ba gט'טnɛ ba siind yɛla. Fטn na gט'טn siins ba siind la yɛla anɛ beekeeping, bɛɛ apiculture.

Evolusin

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Bטnvטya banɛ an beetles nam la da ɛɛnti sטŋid ka puum la nyaŋidi maan ka li ti yuug hali ka siins naam kena. Siins anɛ bטnvט banɛ ka ba yɛla pak pamm bɔzugo ba sטŋidnɛ ka puum nyaŋidi kilimid diib ka me len man siind. Ba niŋgbina nɛ ba ɛntima an siem la zugט ket ka ba nyaŋidi sטŋid puum diib maalטg la. Fט ya'a gɔs bטnvטya la wטsa dinɛ anɛ beetles, flies, butterflies nɛ puum wasps nam la wטsa siins ma'aa tumi li tituaa gati ba wטsa. On an siem la ke ka ba tis sida ye kat adaptive radiation dinɛ bɛ angiosperms la ni, nɛ siins la mɛŋ. Siins wɛnɛ, kusin'is, banɛ yit tangbɛɛnlnam ni. Siins yaanam la da yiti tangbɛɛnlnam buudi la ni na, banɛ da kati ba kusin'is la. Ban da bas kusin'is kadib la ka yט'טm ka lɛb puu ni la, ba baŋi li ka nyɛ ka ba mɔr puum la ka li an diib ka ba diisidi ba bטmbiig la.

Ba itima la yט'טm da bɛnɛ puum ni. Evolutionary scenario kaŋa nɔɔ da naam bɛ vespoid siins la ni, bud kaŋa ka ba da buon ye "tangbɛɛnlam puum la" "pollen wasps" ka mɛ lɛm pɛɛs ba yaanam banɛ da kuud la.

Di pט yuugɛ ka ba tis labaar zaŋidi wa'ae siind kpaam yɛla (bee fossil) yit genus Melittosphex la ni, anɛ dinɛ ka ba siak yɛ ba anɛ "an extinct lineage of pollen-collecting Apoidea, sister-group to the modern bees", nɛ saŋa bɛ Lower Cretaceous (~100 mya).[3] o mofologi intima anɛ dinɛ pa'al nyain ye ba anɛ siins. Di nam kpɛm wɛnɛ ka mɔri ba yaanam nɔba ayi dinɛ ke ka li pט nyaŋi pa'al ban yit zin'isia.[4] Laba kaŋa gba na kpɛm anɛ nwa'asטg, nɛ ba phylogenetic bɛlim siins buudi ni anɛ dinɛ ka ba nam pט nyaŋi gban'e li gbinɛ.

Siins Niŋgbina

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
Bee defecating: remarkable shot. Note the contraction of the anus which creates internal pressure.

Wɛnɛ bטnvטya bɛdigט an siem la, siing niŋgbiŋ la pטdignɛ zin'is atan': zug la, thorax (o teŋsטk), nɛ o zטטr bɛɛ gbin(o nya'a). Wɛnɛ bטŋvט sieba an siem la, siins mɔri nɔbta'ara atan' nɛ kpamkpam ta'ara ayi. Siins la ba bdigט mɔri kɔnbilט nɛ dɔnbטטlim nɛ sabil bɛɛ lɛɛmט si'im nɛ sabil si'im kanɛ pa'an yɛl (warning colours).

Siins bɛdigט dumטg zin'ig (mɔr vɔɔnr wɛnɛ fטripiim vɔɔnrɛ) ka li bɛ ba nimgbina ni. ba ya'a ti yirid yɔɔg-yɔɔg, ya'am iank bɛɛ o sunfu duoe o tun'e dum, ka kpɛn'ɛs yabid dinɛ anɛ (venom) ka li zabid. siing ya'a dum sɔ di kט yuugɛ ka o kpi, amaa siing sieba bɛ na yaŋ lɛm dum ya'as. Ninsieba bɛ ka ba niŋgbina zɔd siins la ka ba tun'e kpi gba, siins ya'a dumi ba.

Siins Banɛ La'asid Taaba

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Haplodiploidy

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Alaa ba nɔkidi ba niŋgbina la sieba pטdigid 75% tisid taaba.[5]

Monogamy (queens mating singly) anɛ ba kטdimin tטטma ka ba mi dinzugɔ di tun'e an ye haplodiploidy la ta'asid siins anɛ evolution bɛ eusociality.[6]

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ James, Rosalind (9 September 2008). Bee pollination in agriculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971787-3. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  2. ↑ Grüter, Christoph 2020. Stingless bees: their behaviour, ecology and evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences: Springer, New York. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1.
  3. ↑ Poinar G.O. & Danforth B.N. (October 2006). "A fossil bee from Early Cretaceous Burmese amber". Science. 314 (5799): 614. doi:10.1126/science.1134103. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17068254. S2CID 28047407.
  4. ↑ Danforth BN; Sipes S; Fang J; Brady SG (2006). "The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (41): 15118–23. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315118D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604033103. PMC 1586180. PMID 17015826.
  5. ↑ Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 17–52. Bibcode:1964JThBi...7...17H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6. PMID 5875340.
  6. ↑ Hughes, William O.H.; Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Beekman, Madeleine; Ratnieks, Francis L.W. 2008. Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is key to the evolution of eusociality. Science. 320 (5880): 1213–1216. doi: 10.1126/science.1156108
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