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Siing

Dɛmisim tɔ'ɔŋir suoya la
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Siing
clade
Subclass ofInsecta Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has usebee nest Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameAnthophila Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankno value Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonApoidea Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon common nameapis, bee Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Start time100 million years BCE Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Studied bymelittology Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Described at URLhttps://neal.fun/earth-reviews/bees Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Produced soundhumming Dɛmisim gbɛlima
MCN code0106.41.00 Dɛmisim gbɛlima


Bumblebee at work

Siing anɛ yimmir ka Siins an babʋg anɛ bʋnvʋ-ian'adir kanɛ yit Hymenoptera, ka ba buudi anɛ ganliŋgaand, tangbɛɛnl nam nɛ pʋmpɔɔs. Bama anɛ wɛnɛ tusa kɔbis pisyi siings buudi.[1] Siins yisid malisim kanɛ tiis puum ni. Siins bɛ dunia ni zin'isnam la wʋsa ka li ya'a ka'aenɛ Antarctica teŋin la ma'aa nɛ.

Siins pʋnɛ buudi zin's babig:

  • siing banɛ maan kpaam, la'am nɛ Africanized honeybee la, ba bɛnɛ genus Apis la ni. Di anɛ Europe ka ba da dɛŋim baŋi li, bɛ Eocene–Oligocene boundary la ni.
  • Bumble siins: ban kɔn'ɔb 250 bɛ Apidae buudi la ni.
  • Siing banɛ dumid bɛɛ tɔɔnd:[2] ban kɔn'ɔb 550 bɛ Meliponini buudi la ni.
  • Solitary siins: solitary ka di pa'al ye ba bʋnya'aŋ wʋsa tun'e wiak bii, ka bɛ o dɔɔg pʋʋgin biindi o mɛŋ. Bama buudi anɛ anwa biela la nwa' tituuli anɛ carpenter siins, leafcutter siins nɛ mason siins (nɛ banɛ bɛ).

Europ dim siing banɛ maan siins la (banɛ gɔsid bʋŋkɔnbi zamisʋg la buoni ba nɛ ye Apis mellifera), ka ba gʋ'ʋnɛ ba siind yɛla. Fʋn na gʋ'ʋn siins ba siind la yɛla anɛ beekeeping, bɛɛ apiculture.

Evolusin

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Bʋnvʋya banɛ an beetles nam la da ɛɛnti sʋŋid ka puum la nyaŋidi maan ka li ti yuug hali ka siins naam kena. Siins anɛ bʋnvʋ banɛ ka ba yɛla pak pamm bɔzugo ba sʋŋidnɛ ka puum nyaŋidi kilimid diib ka me len man siind. Ba niŋgbina nɛ ba ɛntima an siem la zugʋ ket ka ba nyaŋidi sʋŋid puum diib maalʋg la. Fʋ ya'a gɔs bʋnvʋya la wʋsa dinɛ anɛ beetles, flies, butterflies nɛ puum wasps nam la wʋsa siins ma'aa tumi li tituaa gati ba wʋsa. On an siem la ke ka ba tis sida ye kat adaptive radiation dinɛ bɛ angiosperms la ni, nɛ siins la mɛŋ. Siins wɛnɛ, kusin'is, banɛ yit tangbɛɛnlnam ni. Siins yaanam la da yiti tangbɛɛnlnam buudi la ni na, banɛ da kati ba kusin'is la. Ban da bas kusin'is kadib la ka yʋ'ʋm ka lɛb puu ni la, ba baŋi li ka nyɛ ka ba mɔr puum la ka li an diib ka ba diisidi ba bʋmbiig la.

Ba itima la yʋ'ʋm da bɛnɛ puum ni. Evolutionary scenario kaŋa nɔɔ da naam bɛ vespoid siins la ni, bud kaŋa ka ba da buon ye "tangbɛɛnlam puum la" "pollen wasps" ka mɛ lɛm pɛɛs ba yaanam banɛ da kuud la.

Di pʋ yuugɛ ka ba tis labaar zaŋidi wa'ae siind kpaam yɛla (bee fossil) yit genus Melittosphex la ni, anɛ dinɛ ka ba siak yɛ ba anɛ "an extinct lineage of pollen-collecting Apoidea, sister-group to the modern bees", nɛ saŋa bɛ Lower Cretaceous (~100 mya).[3] o mofologi intima anɛ dinɛ pa'al nyain ye ba anɛ siins. Di nam kpɛm wɛnɛ ka mɔri ba yaanam nɔba ayi dinɛ ke ka li pʋ nyaŋi pa'al ban yit zin'isia.[4] Laba kaŋa gba na kpɛm anɛ nwa'asʋg, nɛ ba phylogenetic bɛlim siins buudi ni anɛ dinɛ ka ba nam pʋ nyaŋi gban'e li gbinɛ.

Siins Niŋgbina

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
Bee defecating: remarkable shot. Note the contraction of the anus which creates internal pressure.

Wɛnɛ bʋnvʋya bɛdigʋ an siem la, siing niŋgbiŋ la pʋdignɛ zin'is atan': zug la, thorax (o teŋsʋk), nɛ o zʋʋr bɛɛ gbin(o nya'a). Wɛnɛ bʋŋvʋ sieba an siem la, siins mɔri nɔbta'ara atan' nɛ kpamkpam ta'ara ayi. Siins la ba bdigʋ mɔri kɔnbilʋ nɛ dɔnbʋʋlim nɛ sabil bɛɛ lɛɛmʋ si'im nɛ sabil si'im kanɛ pa'an yɛl (warning colours).

Siins bɛdigʋ dumʋg zin'ig (mɔr vɔɔnr wɛnɛ fʋripiim vɔɔnrɛ) ka li bɛ ba nimgbina ni. ba ya'a ti yirid yɔɔg-yɔɔg, ya'am iank bɛɛ o sunfu duoe o tun'e dum, ka kpɛn'ɛs yabid dinɛ anɛ (venom) ka li zabid. siing ya'a dum sɔ di kʋ yuugɛ ka o kpi, amaa siing sieba bɛ na yaŋ lɛm dum ya'as. Ninsieba bɛ ka ba niŋgbina zɔd siins la ka ba tun'e kpi gba, siins ya'a dumi ba.

Siins Banɛ La'asid Taaba

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Haplodiploidy

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Alaa ba nɔkidi ba niŋgbina la sieba pʋdigid 75% tisid taaba.[5]

Monogamy (queens mating singly) anɛ ba kʋdimin tʋʋma ka ba mi dinzugɔ di tun'e an ye haplodiploidy la ta'asid siins anɛ evolution bɛ eusociality.[6]

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ James, Rosalind (9 September 2008). Bee pollination in agriculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971787-3. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  2. ↑ Grüter, Christoph 2020. Stingless bees: their behaviour, ecology and evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences: Springer, New York. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1.
  3. ↑ Poinar G.O. & Danforth B.N. (October 2006). "A fossil bee from Early Cretaceous Burmese amber". Science. 314 (5799): 614. doi:10.1126/science.1134103. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17068254. S2CID 28047407.
  4. ↑ Danforth BN; Sipes S; Fang J; Brady SG (2006). "The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (41): 15118–23. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315118D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604033103. PMC 1586180. PMID 17015826.
  5. ↑ Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 17–52. Bibcode:1964JThBi...7...17H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6. PMID 5875340.
  6. ↑ Hughes, William O.H.; Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Beekman, Madeleine; Ratnieks, Francis L.W. 2008. Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is key to the evolution of eusociality. Science. 320 (5880): 1213–1216. doi: 10.1126/science.1156108
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