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Sisibig

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Sisibig
taxon
Subclass ofuseful plant, medicinal plant Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Has usevegetable, medicinal plant Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Short nameA. indica Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameAzadirachta indica Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankspecies Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonAzadirachta Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon common nameNeem Tree, neem, 印楝, Niembaum Dɛmisim gbɛlima
IUCN conservation statusLC Dɛmisim gbɛlima
External data available at URLhttps://www.gbif.org/dataset/93725bf2-6ada-47f9-bd5e-0e679e3d245e Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Invasive toGhana Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rangeTibet Autonomous Region, Myanmar Dɛmisim gbɛlima
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=6161 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Sisibig ka sieba buon ye Pɔnguda ka bam mɛ buon ye na'asaasisibig la anɛ tiig kanɛ yi kuk tiis buudi kanɛ an' Meliaceae.[1] Di anɛ buudi yinnɛ kanɛ pɛ'ɛs Azadirachta buudi ni. Di kae saan India teŋin nɛ  Southeast Asia teŋ siebaa. Amaa di bɛ dunia la wʋsa ni. Ka di yin bɛɛ ban nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ  zin'isieba anɛ si'anrin bɛɛ  zin'ig kanɛ an' titʋgʋr. Ti paamɛt sisibi kpaam nɛ yiti ba diib nɛ ba biili la ni. Na'asal la buonɛ ye neem, ka li anɛ Hindu dim pia'adin ka ba paam yʋ'ʋr la.[2][3][4]

Pa'alʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Nasaasisibig la anɛ ti kanɛ nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ hali ka o walim an mites 15 - 20 (49 - 66f t), nɛ saŋa biela nwa ni ka o walim an 35-40m (115-131ft). o sin'im la anɛ dɛn'ɛm, o vaand la baligidnɛ ʋʋn wʋsa nintantʋʋlig nwadig la. o willa la anɛ bɛda-bɛda ka widig di'eg zin'ig kanɛ wʋsa ka o bɛ. a gɔl la ɛɛnti anɛ gbiligʋ ka an wilim-wilim ka o yalʋŋ an 20-25m (66-82ft). o pinnate vaand la kaae alaa din wa'alim anɛ 20-40cm (8-16in), ka mɔr 20-30 vaan banɛ bɛ an sabil dɛnɛ'm la, ka o vaand walim na an 3-8cm (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) wa'alim.[5] Vaand la giinla saŋa bɛdigʋ ni di ɛɛnti kaae. Di teŋsʋk dibir la anɛ giŋɔ.[6]

Vaan piela banɛ mɔr nyuug la tuu nɛ taaba ka bɛdigʋ bɛɛ bi'ela axilliary panicles nwa lit teŋin ka li wa'alim tun'e paa 25cm (10in). o inflorescences la wa'alim an atan' mʋm pʋʋgi la, mɔr puum ka li paae 250 - 300. puum yinne wa'alim anɛ 5-6 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long ka o yalʋŋ an 8–11 mm (5⁄16–7⁄16 in) .Protandrous, bisexual puum la nɛ puum banɛ an bʋndaad la ɛɛnti bɛnɛ yinn nɔɔ zug.

Di wɛla la saalimnɛ bɔl-bɔl (glabrous), nwɛnɛ olive-like drupe ka ba kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb anɛ ba yalʋŋ la dinɛ an gbiligʋ la yɛla, ka o ya'a ti bin'ɛgi naae o wa'alim anɛ 28mm (1⁄2–1+1⁄8 in) by 10–15 mm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in). wɛla la paʋ la (exocarp) anɛ lɛ'ɛm-lɛ'ɛm ka o diib kanɛ pʋʋgin tɔi hali (endocarp) la dɔnbʋʋl pielig ka mɔr ginla . O bʋʋlim la tɛbisim anɛ 3-5mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in). Wɛl la gʋʋgin waŋ kanɛ an pielii kpi'im la (endocarp) gurnɛ biilif yinne, ka saansa bi'ela anɛ ayi bɛɛ atan',biili wa'ali wɛnii (kernels) ka dinɛ giligi li la an wilim-wilim.

Pollen grains

Margosa tiig la[7] nɛ nɛ'ɛŋ wɛnɛ taaba, chinaberry bɛɛ bakain, Melia azedarach la baŋir tɔi. [8] Melia azedarach mɛ mɔr van nyina ka ba wɛla mi nwɛn taaba.

Taksonami

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

O yʋ'ʋr kanɛ an Azadirachta indica la Adrien-Henri de Jussieu da sɔbi li zaŋi pa'al sɔ' wʋsa bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbis nii nɛ pistan' (1830).[9] Yʋʋm tusir kɔbis yɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ atanꞌ (1753), Carl Linnaeus da paꞌal bʋnami ayi, Melia azedarach nɛ Melia azadirachta.[10] De Jussieu on da gɔs ka Melia azadirachta anɛ dinɛ bɛɛ li kɔnꞌ nɛ Melia azedarach nɛ ban na nɔki digil new genus.[11] On da pianꞌa bʋn sieba yɛla, Linnaeus da ye li yʋꞌʋr anɛ  'azedarach'[10] dinɛ yit French pianꞌad yʋꞌʋrin na an 'azédarac', dinɛ da an Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت), dinɛ paꞌal 'free or noble tree[12] Persian tii la yʋꞌʋr la anɛ azad darakhat-e-hind, ka di paꞌal ye ‘India dim ti kanɛ mɔr yɔlisimꞌ('the free tree of India,)  ka di paꞌal yee tii la mtr yɔlisim yi banꞌas nɛ bʋnvʋya ni.[13]

Pʋdʋgir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Sisibig yinɛ Assam region, Pakistan nɛ Bangladesh linɛ bɛ Indian tɛŋin paae Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand nɛ Vietnam linɛ bɛ Indochina. Li paae zinꞌis siꞌeba yinɛ South America paae Indonesia.[14]

Maalig zinꞌig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ba miꞌ Sisibig tiig la ka li tɔꞌɔe wak. Li nyaŋidi ziꞌenid zinꞌis banɛ ka pɛbisig bɛ bɛɛ tʋʋlʋg biꞌela bɛ, zinꞌis banɛ ka saa niib bɛn an wan wʋʋ 400–1,200 mm (16–47 in). Li nyaŋidi duod zinꞌis banɛ ka saa niib bɛn mɛ pʋ paae 400 mm, amaa zinꞌis ban ni, asɛɛ ka kuom bɛ tɛŋ la pʋʋgin. Sisibig nɔbigidi bɛ tɛɛns kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb ni, amaa li zinꞌig sʋꞌʋŋa anɛ titanbinꞌisig zinꞌig kanɛ ka kuom pʋ diginida. Li bɛnɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ ka lin na nyaŋi bɛ zinꞌig siꞌa tʋʋlig bɛn anɛ 21–32 °C (70–90 °F). Li maan sʋꞌʋŋa zinꞌis banɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ ka lɛɛ kʋ nyaŋi bɛ zinꞌig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig pʋ paae 5 °C (41 °F). Sisibig anɛ tiig kanɛ pʋ mɔr vaandɛ ka nɔbigidi bɛ zinꞌis banɛ an tʋʋlig wan wʋʋ, southern districts India nɛ Pakistan tɛnsin. Tiig nwaꞌ baꞌa kae ye kuom pʋ zuoe bɛɛ kuom la an kuosʋŋ bɛ. India tɛŋin nɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka Indian nidib paae, li anɛ naꞌanaꞌa nɛ fʋ na nyɛ Sisibig tiig la suoya nɔya ni anina, Winpʋꞌʋsʋm zinꞌis, sakurnamin nɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka nidib laꞌasid bɛɛ nidib yampɔna. Zinꞌis banɛ an kpiꞌemis hali la, ba sɛɛt tiis la bɛdigʋ.

Mɔɔg la Zi'esim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ba gɔs ka sisibig anɛ mɔɔg zinꞌig siꞌeba, wan wʋʋ Middle East, li kaskas anɛ Sub-Saharan Africa tɛɛns wan wʋʋ West Africa nɛ Indian Ocean tɛɛns, nɛ zinꞌig siꞌeba Australia tɛŋin. Li bɛilim pʋʋgin, li nɔbigidi bɛ zinꞌig kanɛ an sʋꞌʋm, amaa ba nam pʋ nyaŋi vɛɛnsi li yela naae.[15]

Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛnu, Vaala nwadig ni (April 2015), ba da nɔk sisibig ka li paas nɛ class B nɛ C mɔɔd ni bɛ Northern Territory, Australia sʋꞌʋlim, ka li paꞌal ye sɛɛ ka ba gɔsi li ka li da yadig tɛŋa bɛɛ ba da mɔri li kpɛnꞌɛ tɛŋ la ni na. Li da anɛ wada gɛsigir nɛ fʋn na daꞌ, kuos, bɛɛ vɔnꞌ tiis la bɛɛ li biili mɔri tɔɔm tɛŋ. Linɛ yela ka ba da gbanꞌe ye li anɛ mɔɔg la anɛ lin da bɛɛ ba kuosuoya nam ni guꞌud kuom ba tɛŋin la.[16]

Lin da kɛŋ Australia tɛŋin, yʋʋm tusir, nɛ kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi nam saŋa la (1940s), ba da sɛ sisibig yiiga bɛ nɛ Northern Territory ye li maal maꞌasim tis bʋnkɔnbid. Ba da sɛɛ li maki li nɔbigir yela gɔs nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisyuobʋ nam saŋa (1960s) nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii saŋa (1980s) tɛnsʋk bɛ Darwin, Queensland, nɛ Western Australia, amaa Australian sisibig pɔɔg la da pʋ nyaŋi ziꞌenɛ. Tiig la yʋꞌʋn yadigi paae zinꞌig, li kaskas anɛ kuosuoya ni ka ba laꞌasi bɛ zinꞌig siꞌeba.[17]

Phytochemical nam

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Margosa wɛla, biili, viand, tila, nɛ pak la mɔrnɛ phytochemicals kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb, ka kʋdʋmin dim da paami ba yi sisibi biili ni, nwɛnɛ azadirachtin dinɛ ka ba da pinꞌili di bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisyuobʋ saŋa (1960s) ka ye di anɛ bʋn-ianꞌada,  banɛ guꞌud nɔbʋgʋr nɛ tibanɛ ka ba mɔri puusid.[18][19] Sisibig wal kanɛ an 2 kg na an nwɛnɛ 5 g.[18]

Dinɛ paasi azadirachtin ka mɔr kpinnim anɛ limonoids, biili la kpaam mɔr glycerides, polyphenols kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb, nimbolide, triterpenes, nɛ beta-sitosterol.[18][20] Kpakanɛ an dɔnbʋʋlʋm ka miꞌis la mɔr nyuug kanɛ nwɛnɛ gabpiel ka mɛ mɔr limonoid compounds dinɛ an 2%.[18] Vaand la mɔr quercetin, catechins, carotenes, nɛ vitamin C.[18]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
Neem tree farm from south India
A large tree
Leaves
Bark
Neem seeds



India dim ɛnti nɔk Margosa vand kpiɛmis nniŋ cupboard nɛ yɛ li kad bʋŋiada kaba da dit fʋʋdɛ, ka lɛm niŋid container ni nɛ mʋi nɛ wheat.[21] Di pʋʋm la ka India dim mɔrɛ maannɛ ba malima wɔɔ Ugadi.

Tiꞌnyan

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Laꞌad bani kaba mɔr Margosai maan la India dim mɛ mɔr din ka li an ba tiꞌnyan yʋma bɛ bɛdigʋ,[22][23] kaba mɔrɛ tiɛbid niŋbgiŋ baꞌans nɛ giila nɛ kɔba baꞌans,[24] amaa sibiti dim pʋ nyaŋi di kasɛta ye Margosa anɛ tiꞌim.[23] Kpɛꞌɛmnam  pʋ mɔr zɛmisʋgɔ, Margosa an sʋm fʋ yaa di dabisa biɛla amaa fʋ yaa dii li saŋa bɛdigʋ, li na daami fʋ siyaanini bɛɛ fʋ sɔꞌɔnr. Yaa anɛ biis, margosa kpaam kaɛ sʋm, ka tɔꞌɔn baꞌas kʋm.[23] Margosa tɔꞌɔn kɛ ka pʋa pʋꞌʋr kpaꞌaɛ bɛ kʋndʋꞌar bɛ sikir baꞌan.[23]

Yaꞌdagɔbʋg India tɛŋin nɛ yaꞌtʋɔna tɛŋsʋg, Margosa daꞌʋg la ka ba mɔr ka li an sigiriŋ.[25]

Tʋʋmsieba

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tiig: Margosa tiig la anɛ dinɛ yɛla pak hali di anti-desertification nwaasim la zug nɛ din an sʋꞌʋm nwɛnɛ carbon dioxide sink la zug. Nidib mɔr mɔri di dɔnꞌɔsid zʋʋd nwɛnɛ bugulʋmnɛ.[26][27]

Bugulʋm: ba mɔr sisibig paasidi maan bugulʋm (urea) ka di mɔr zɛɛnsim tis zʋʋd la.[28]

Bʋnkɔnbid diib: margosa viand anɛ dinɛ ka ba mɔri ka di an yaama tis bʋnkɔnbid nɛ suꞌumis.[29]

sigiriŋ: margosa anɛ dinɛ ka sɔꞌ wʋsa miꞌ ye di anɛ sigiriŋ ka ba ɔnbidi sɔndigid nyina.[30]

zɛɛnsim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

American Journal of Neuroradiology paꞌal ye, margosa kpaam na nyaŋi maal zɛɛnsim nwɛnɛ encephalopathy nɛ ophthalmopathy sɔꞌ yaꞌa dii li bɛdigʋ gaad 150ml (5.07 us fluid ounces).[31]

Genome and transcriptomes

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Margosa genome nɛ transcriptomes banɛ yi lʋga kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb la anɛ dinɛ tuun dɔl taaba.[32][33][34] Expressed sequence tags anɛ dinɛ ka ba nyɛ ka di dɔl generation of subtractive hybridization libraries dinɛ bɛ margosa wala bʋʋlʋm, vaand, wala paꞌad nam.[35][36]

O Sʋm Buudi Ni

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
Neem tree at Sant Nenuram Ashram, Pakistan

Nimai yʋ'ʋr la (di yinne neem tree),





Footonam

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]


Gɔsim ya'as

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ "Azadirachta indica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  2. ↑ Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.
  3. ↑ Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell (1996), Hobson-Jobson, Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)
  4. ↑ Encarta World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.
  5. ↑ "Neem | Azadirachta indica". Plants For A Future. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  6. ↑ "Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem)". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  7. ↑ saikia, Curtingle (2 January 2023). "How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com". Prakasti. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  8. ↑ The Tree. National Academies Press (US). 1992.
  9. ↑ "Azadirachta indica A.Juss." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  10. 1 2 Linnaeus, C. (1753), "Melia", Species Plantarum, vol. 1, Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius, pp. 384–385, retrieved 26 March 2023
  11. ↑ e Jussieu, A. (1830). "Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées". Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. 19: 153–304. Retrieved 26 March 2023. p. 221.
  12. ↑ "azedarach". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  13. ↑ K. K. Singh, ed. (2009). Neem A Treatise. I.K. International Publishing House, India. p. 3. ISBN 9788189866006.
  14. ↑ "Azadirachta indica A.Juss". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, Azadirachta indica (PDF). Biosecurity Queensland. 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  16. ↑ Neem has been declared: what you need to know (PDF), Department of Land Resource Management, 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2015, retrieved 17 March 2015
  17. ↑ Neem Azadirachta indica (PDF), Department of Land Resource Management, 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2015, retrieved 17 March 2015
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Neem". Drugs.com. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  19. ↑ Anna Horsbrugh Porter (17 April 2006). "Neem: India's tree of life". BBC News.
  20. ↑ "Nimbolide". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Anna Horsbrugh Porter (17 April 2006). "Neem: India's tree of life". BBC News.
  22. ↑ Anna Horsbrugh Porter (17 April 2006). "Neem: India's tree of life". BBC News.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Neem". Drugs.com. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  24. ↑ Tejesvi, M.V.; Tamhankar, S.A.; Kini, K.R; Rao, V.S.; Prakash, H.S. (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis of endophytic Pestalotiopsis species from ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal trees". Fungal Diversity. 38: 167–183.
  25. ↑ "Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum". dentalmuseum.pacific.edu. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  26. ↑ Schroeder, Paul (1992). "Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations". Forest Ecology and Management. 50 (1–2): 31–41. Bibcode:1992ForEM..50...31S. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W.
  27. ↑ Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).
  28. ↑ Heinrich W. Scherer; Konrad Mengel; Heinrich Dittmar; Manfred Drach; Ralf Vosskamp; Martin E. Trenkel; Reinhold Gutser; Günter Steffens; Vilmos Czikkely; Titus Niedermaier; Reinhardt Hähndel; Hans Prün; Karl-Heinz Ullrich; Hermann Mühlfeld; Wilfried Werner; Günter Kluge; Friedrich Kuhlmann; Hugo Steinhauser; Walter Brändlein; Karl-Friedrich Kummer (2007), "Fertilizers", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub2, ISBN 978-3527306732
  29. ↑ Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. )Neem (Azadirachta indica. Feedipedia, a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Last updated on 2 October 2015
  30. ↑ "Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum". dentalmuseum.pacific.edu. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  31. ↑ M.V. Bhaskara; S.J. Pramoda; M.U. Jeevikaa; P.K. Chandana; G. Shetteppa (6 May 2010). "Letters: MR Imaging Findings of Neem Oil Poisoning". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 31 (7): E60 – E61. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2146. PMC 7965469. PMID 20448012.
  32. ↑ Krishnan, N; Swetansu Pattnaik; S. A. Deepak; et al. (25 December 2011). "De novo sequencing and assembly of Azadirachta indica fruit transcriptome" (PDF). Current Science. 101 (12): 1553–1561.
  33. ↑ Krishnan, N; Swetansu Pattnaik; Prachi Jain; et al. (9 September 2012). "A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm Azadirachta indica". BMC Genomics. 13 (464): 464. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-464. PMC 3507787. PMID 22958331.
  34. ↑ Krishnan, N; Prachi Jain; Prachi Jain; Arun K Hariharan; Binay Panda (20 April 2016). "An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta indica A. Juss". G3. 6 (7): 1835–1840. doi:10.1534/g3.116.030056. PMC 4938638. PMID 27172223.
  35. ↑ Narnoliya, Lokesh K.; Rajakani, Raja; Sangwan, Neelam S.; Gupta, Vikrant; Sangwan, Rajender S. (2014). "Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in Azadirachta indica (neem)". Molecular Biology Reports. 41 (5): 3147–3162. doi:10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x. PMID 24477588. S2CID 16605633.
  36. ↑ Rajakani, Raja; Narnoliya, Lokesh; Sangwan, Neelam S.; Sangwan, Rajender S.; Gupta, Vikrant (2014). "Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in Azadirachta indica". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 10 (5): 1331–1351. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7. S2CID 11857916.
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