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Wief

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Wief
taxon
Subclass ofEquus caballus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Short nameE. ferus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameEquus ferus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankspecies Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonEquus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
IUCN conservation statusEndangered status Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Habitatgrassland, forest Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Diel cyclecathemeral Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Wief (Equus ferus caballus)[1][2] anɛ yin bunkɔnkanɛ mɔr nɔb kpansimkpan'ar kanɛ an mum. ɔn bɛ dɔ sia buudi ni anɛ Equidae ka an extant subspecies yit Equus ferus la ni yinne.

Wief kanɛ ka na'asaanam buon ye (Equus ferus caballus)[1][5] anɛ yin bʋnkkɔnbʋg kanɛ nɔbʋri bʋak yinnɛ ka an' bʋnkɔnb kanɛ dʋad. O yinɛ  taxonomic Equidae  buudi la ni.ka mɛ pɛ'ɛs buudi ayi Bama banɛ an' Equus ferus. Wief bɛ dunia ni di ka yʋma zulim hali wʋʋ yʋʋm million nam la pisnaasi nɛ anu nɛ pisnu nɛ anu sa. Ka di pin'il nɛ banɛ mɔr nɔba buakir bɛdigʋ ti paae banɛ mɔr nɔba buakir yinnɛ.Nidib da pin'il nɛ mɔri ba kpɛ'ɛnsid yin wʋʋ yʋma tusa pisnaasi (4000 BCE)  bɛ  Central Asia, ka nidib vɛn'ɛsi gɔs ka ye ba yin kpɛn'ɛnsʋg  la pin'il nɛ wʋʋ 3000 BCE nɛ. Widi wʋʋ caballus la bɛnɛ yin. Widi sieba bɛ dunia la ni bɛɛ yadig teŋgbaŋ wʋsa ka an' si'anrin bʋnam ka ba buon ye feral widi ka ba nan  zi'i kpɛ'n yin nɛ. Ti mɔr yɛl sieba pa'an nɛ ba wʋʋ ba niŋgbiŋ si'im, bɛdim, nwaasim, yʋ'akir, nyɔvʋr bɛllim, ken nɛ ba itima.

Widi tuuma anɛ zʋaa.Di sʋŋidi ba ka ba nyaŋidi lʋakid bʋn dinɛ na daamɛ ba bɛllim ka mɛ nyaŋi zabi sʋ'ʋgi ba yi si'anrin bʋnkɔbit pʋʋgʋn. mɛŋ. Widi na tʋn'ɛ zi'e bɛɛ digi ka gbisid. Widbibis la nɔŋ gbɛɛm gaad bʋnbaanlʋg la.[3] Wid nya'ans la ba buon ye mares, wid nya'aŋ ya'a nɔŋ pʋʋg nwadis awai ka dʋad. Ba buon widbil ye la yʋʋn foal, ba ya'a dʋa o,  o na nya'aŋi zi'en ka pin'ili zɔt biel bieli dɔl o ma. Saŋa bɛdigʋ nii, yin widi la  yiti pin'ilnɛ samisid din yi yʋma ayi nɛ yʋma anaasi ni la. Yʋma anʋ la ka ba yʋ'ʋn bi titʋaa.  Ba vʋi nɛ paad yʋma Pisanʋ  25 nɛ pistan' 30  bɛn.

Widi buudi bɛɛ ba kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb anɛ wʋʋ buudi atan.  Ba bakir anɛ ba sʋnsʋf tʋʋma. Banɛ ziim tʋl , ka ba nyaŋidi zɔt ka mɔdigid. " zi' ma'asir dim  ", wʋʋ draft Widi la nɛ  ponies banɛ  tʋɔɛ tʋm baanlim baanlim, nɛ tʋʋm kpi'ema; zi'bu'gur dim banɛ bɛ zi'tʋʋl nɛ zi'masir teŋsug. Ba mɔr ban nɛ ban'ad yelsieba saŋa. Di kas kas anɛ  Europe teŋin. Ti mɔr wʋʋ widi buudi kɔbistan dunia zugin. Ka wʋsa tʋm tʋʋma kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb.

Yɔ’vטmbɛn nɛ yɔ’vטm as siɛm

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wɛn wɔɔ ɔn an bɔɔdsia, bɛ ban mɔr’ɔ siɛm nɛ ɔn bɛ tɛŋsia, dטn’na wief nam tɔn vט’ɛ yטma pisinɛ anט kiŋ paaɛ yטma pistan.[4] Li ka’aɛ na’ana ka ba biɛla vט’ɛ paad pisnaasi, ka saŋsiɛba gat ala.[5] Ɔnɛ da vטɛ gad anɛ “Old Billy”, 19th century wief kanɛ da vטɛ kiŋ paaɛ yטma pisyטɔbɔ nɛ ayi.[4] Dטn’na, Sugar Puff, ɔnɛ yט’טrɛ bɛ gbana ni Guinness World Records la an wief bil ɔnɛ da vטɛ yט’טg paaɛ yטma pisnט nɛ ayטɔbɔ ka da kpi yטma tטsa ayi nɛ ayɔpɔi la ni.[6]

Li ba’a kai wief bɛɛ wief bil dטam dabisir an siɛm, ba ɛnti pa’as nɛ yט’טm ɔ yטma la yɛ ban mɔrɛ ba maan azɔ’ɔgaadtaaba la yɛla yט’טm wטsa yiiga wadig la yiiga dabisir zin’is banɛ bɛ Northern Hemisphere la[4][7] nɛ yטטm wטsa wadisa anii la ni yiiga dabisir zin’is banɛ bɛ Southern Hemisphere la.[8] Li bɔɔdim kטdim anɛ yɛ ɔ ya’a pa’aɛ ba’anp, amaa sɛy ka ɔ paaɛ yטma siɛm ka naan nyaŋi paasa azɔɔgaadtaaba ni.[9]

Yט’טr bama pa’an wi’di nam yטma:

Foal

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief daaug bɛɛ wief nya'aŋ kanɛ nan pט paaɛ yטטm yinne. Wief kanɛ nan mט’ad ba buon nɛ yɛ suckling, ka wief kanɛ bas mט’ab an weanling.[10] Widi bibis banɛ gbɛ’ɛd yaan la bat bi’isim mטab nɛ wadisa anט kiŋ paaɛ wadisa ayɔpɔi amaa ba tɔ’ɔn bas mטab wadisa anaasi la ni ka siɛl kט maali baa.[11]

Yearling

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief kanɛ an yטטm bɛɛ yטma ayi.[12]

Colt

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief dibig kanɛ an pט tט’טg yטma anaasi.[13] Li pט nar yɛ ba bטɔl wief bil wטsa ye “colt”, yט’טr la anɛ widi banɛ an bטndibis ma’a.[14]

Filly

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief yaטŋ kanɛ pט tט’טg yטma anaasii.[10]

Mare

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief yaטŋ kanɛ an yטma anaasi bɛɛ tט’טg ala.[15]

Stallion

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief dibig kanɛ ka ba pט za’ɔɔ ka ɔ an yטma anaasi bɛɛ ɔn tט’טga ala.[16] Ba tɔ’ɔn lɛɛ bטɔl ye “Wief” ka li lɛɛ an stallion.[17]

Gelding

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief dibig kanɛ ka ba za’ɔ, li ba’a kai nɛ ɔ yטma zɛm siɛm.[10]

Widi zɔ’ɔb ni, yט’טr bama tɔ’ɔn bɛ kɔn’bkɔn’b: wɛn wɔɔ British Isles, Thoroughbred widi azɔɔgaadtaaba ni, ba yɛl yɛ colts nɛ fillies pט paaɛ yטma anטט.[18] Amaa Australia Thoroughbred widi azɔɔgaadtaaba ni ye colts nɛ fillies pט paaɛ yטma anaasii.[19]

Zɛmisim nɛ makir bɛn

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief wa’alim makir makidnɛ ɔ pטt’tiŋ la bɛn, zin’ig kanɛ ka ɔ niŋɔ’ɔr la tɔ’ɔŋ nɛ ɔ nya’aŋla.[20] Ba makidnɛ anina lin an ɔ ziɛsim sטŋ babir la, ka kai zטg bɛɛ niŋɔ’ɔr la kin ka dam’mid agɔla nɛ tɛŋin nɛ ɔ niŋbiŋla wטsa laa.

Tɛŋ’banɛ piand na’asaal la, wief wa’alim makid ne ne nט’טs ne inches: nט’טg makir yinɛ anɛ 4 inches (101.6 mm). wa’alim la makidnɛ nɛ nט’טg mטm ka lɛn ka’anl inches paas, ka na’aɛ nɛ “h” bɛɛ “hh” (for “hands high”). Wief kanɛ an “152 h” anɛ nט’טs 15 paas 2 inches ka li wטsa la’as 62 inches (157.5 cm) wa’alim.[21]

Ɔ zɛmisim la gɔsidnɛ ɔn an bטטdsia, nɛ ɔn dit diib siɛba. Widi banɛ ka ba pט ba’ad bɛdigט la wa’alim anɛ nט’טs piinɛ anaasi paaɛ nט’טs piinɛ ayטɔbɔ (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) ka tɔ’ɔn tɛbis wɔɔ 380 kiŋ paaɛ 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb).[22] widi banɛ ka ba ba’ad saŋa bɛdigט la na pin’il wɔɔ nט’טs wa’alim 15.2 (62 inches, 157 cm) ka ɛnti wa’am wɔɔ nט’טs wa’alim piinɛ ayɔpɔi (68 inches, 173 cm) ka tɛbisim an wɔɔ 500 kiŋ paaɛ 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 Ib).[23] wief tɛbisa ɛnti an nɛ nט’טs piinɛ ayטɔbɔ (64 inches, 163 cm) can tɔ’ɔn wa’am wɔɔ nט’טs makir piinɛ anii (72 inches, 183 cm) high. Ba tɔ’ɔn tɛbis wɔɔ 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).[24]

Wief kane zט’ɔɛ galis da anɛ Shire wief kanɛ ka ɔ yט’טr an Mammoth, ka ba da dטa ɔ yטm tטsir Kɔbטs nii nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anii la. Ɔ ziɛsim an 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high ka ɔ tɛbisim makir an 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb).[25] wief kanɛ mɛ an bטnbil ka ɔ yט’טr bɛ gba’aŋin anɛ Thumbelina, wief kpɛ’ɛm kanɛ zɛm wɔɔ wief bil ka dwarfism da mɔr ɔ. ɔ da anɛ 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 inches) wa’alim ni, ka ɔ tɛbisim an 26 kg (57 lb).[26][27]

Buudi

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi mɔr chromosome nam ban pisyuobu nɛ anaasi (64).[28] Ba ba paam wief Genome bɛnɛ yuum tusa ayi nɛ ayɔpɔi (2007) la ni. Di mɔrnɛ DNA ta'ada nam 2.7 billion,[29] dinɛ labisi gat baa genome, ka mɛ pɔɔdi gat ninsaal genome.[30] Di bɔɔnlum bɛ tis vɛɛnsidib.[31]

Si’im nɛ Zanbina

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi mɔr nɛ niŋbiŋ si’im kɔn’bkɔn’b nɛ makir nam kɔn’bkɔn’b ka gbaŋ’sɔbidib pian li yɛla. Ba baŋid wief nɛ nɛ ɔ niŋbiŋ si’im ka na’an gɔt ɔn a buudsia bɛɛ ɔ anɛ bʋndaʋg bɛ bʋnyaʋŋ.[32] Widi banɛ mɔr si’im yin’nɛ la bɛ nɛ kɔn’bkɔn’b nɛ zabin pi’ɛl siɛba ni,[33] nɛ dɔlis’siɛba linɛ bɛ li kɔ nɛ ɔ niŋbiŋ si’im la.[34]

Sikir bɛdigʋ kɛt ka widi niŋbiŋ si’im yaŋidi baŋid. Si’kir nam la kɛ ya ka ba nyaŋi nyɛ’ 13 alleles li nɛ kɛt ka niŋbiŋ si’im la bɛ,[35] ka vɛɛsvɛɛsidib kpɛlim kɛn tʋɔn’nɛ ɛad si’kir paala banɛ ba. Niŋbiŋ la siɛm siɛba anɛ chestnut nɛ black, li baŋidnɛ nɛ sikir ka nɛ yɛ Melanocortin 1 receptor ni,[36] ka ba buɔn yɛ “extension gene” bɛɛ “red factor”.[35] Li anɛ “zia” (chestnut) ka li sabilim la zuɔɛ.[37] Li’nɛ lɛn kɛt ka sabilim pʋ zuɔɛ ka an point coloration la ba’asidnɛ linɛ ka ba buɔn yɛ bay, ka li wɛn wɔɔ pinto bɛɛ leopard, dilution genes wɔɔ palomino bɛɛ dun, la’am nɛ greying, nɛ siɛlnam banɛ kɛt ka si’im kɔn’bkɔn’b bɛ wief ni.[35]

Widi banɛ mɔr gbaŋ piɛla la nidib ɛnti pʋ buɔni ba sʋm, widi banɛ wɛn wɔɔ “pi’ɛl” ɛntia nɛ middle-age bɛɛ older gray. Gray la ba dʋa’ba nɛ nɛ sabilim ka ba pɛligid nɛ ban nɔbigid la ama aba ɛnti mɔr nɛ gbaŋ sabil ba gbaŋpi’ɛl zuɔbid la ni (pink ma’a ɛnti pʋ pa’asɛ ba zabin linɛ an pi’ɛl la ni). Widi banɛ nar yɛ ba buɔn pi’ɛl anɛ banɛ mɔr zuɔbid pi’ɛla ba niŋbiŋin nɛ gbaŋ kanɛ an pink, ka lɛɛ pʋ nyɛ’ta ana’ana’a.[37] Generic factors nam kɔn’bkɔn’b tɔ’ɔn maal wief niŋbiŋ la ka li an pi’ɛl, nɛ alleles nam bɛdigʋ banɛ an pi’ɛlla nɛ sabino-1 gene.[38] Amaa widi kai an “albino” ka li an ye ɔ mɔr nɛ gbaŋ kanɛ an pink ka lɛn mɔr nin’wiid.[39]

Widi buudi siɛba

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ya’a kai widi’I, genus Equus mɔr widi la kɔn’bkɔn’b zin’isa ayuobu. Ba sieba anɛ bʋŋ, Equus asinus; zuɔrin tɛŋinbʋŋ, Equus zebra; tɛŋinbuŋ, Equus quagga; Grevy’s zebra, Equus grevyi; kiang; nɛ onager, Equus hemionus.[40]

Widi tɔ’ɔn la’asi dʋa nɛ widi bʋʋd siɛba. Banɛ an na’ana’a anɛ mule, ba la’asid nɛ “jack” (bʋŋdibig) nɛ mare. Hinny mɛ la’asid nɛ stallion nɛ “jenny” (bʋŋyaʋŋ).[41] Ba siɛba anɛ zorse, ba mɛ la’asidnɛ nɛ tɛŋinbʋŋ nɛ wief.[42] Banɛ an bʋʋdi ayi’yi la saŋa bɛdigʋ pʋ tɔn’ɔn dʋa’da.[43]

Yin bɛllim nɛ ba pin’ilig yɛla

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief yin bɛllim da sin’iŋnɛ central Asia 3500 BCE saŋa. Labaya ayi bɛɛ yaŋidi pa’an widi yit bɛɛ gbɛ’ɛd ziɛnsia nɛ saŋakanɛ ka ba da sin’iŋi gbɛ’ɛd yin nɛ ban niŋ siɛmsiɛm yal’lig tɛŋ wʋsa. Laba’ar yiiga yitnɛ palaɛological nɛ archaeological dim vɛɛrsig; linɛ paasa ayi la anɛ DNA kpa’sib kanɛ ka ba gɔs nan’nan’na widi nɛ widi banɛ da dɛŋim bɛ ka kpi’la kɔba nɛ ba nyina.

Archaeology dim vɛɛrsig yiiga da sin’iŋnɛ Ukraine nɛ Kazakhstan, 4000 – 3500 BCE.[44][45][46] Amaa widi banɛ da bɛ ya’an Botai Kazakhstan la da anɛ Przewalski widi ka kai yʋʋmpʋkʋ’tin widi banɛ bɛ dʋn’na laa.[47][48]

3000 BCE, widi wʋsa da pʋn gbɛ’ɛdnɛ yin ka 2000 BCE widi kɔba bɛdigʋ da sin’iŋi bɛ ya’an northwestern Europe, linɛ da pa’an widi nɔbigid zin’ig wʋsa siɛm.[49] Linɛ nan pʋ yʋʋgɛ anɛ zin’is banɛ ka ba nyɛ widi kpiilima nɛ kʋtɛrikʋ nam ka ba bɛ yaadin Indo-European Sintashta nɛ Petrovka culture 2100 BCE.[50]

Yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ pisinɛ ayin’ni la zamisig dim pa’al ya yɛ widi bɛdigʋ yinɛ Volga-Don region.  Yʋʋmpʋkʋ’tin widi kɛ ka ba kanl la zʋɔɛ yalig Eurasia, sin’iŋid yʋma tʋsa anaasi nɛ kɔbʋsyi banɛ gaad la. Li mɛ lɛm pa’al yɛ ba da gan’sid siɛba nɛ ban tɔ’ɔn ba’adi ba la nɛ equestrian material culture, la’am nɛ Sintashta, kutɛrikɔ nɛ widi la mɛŋ nɔbigir mɛn.[51][48]

Yin bɛl’lim tɔ’ɔn zamisi yitnɛ widi banɛ bɛ nan’nan’na nɛ widi banɛ da dɛŋim bɛ ka archaeology nɛ palaeology dim tʋ’ nyɛ’ɛ ba kɔba nɛ ba yi’na la. Ba bʋʋdi la an kɔn’bkɔn’b la pa’al yɛ wief dibig banɛ ka ba pט za’abaa ka ba an yטma anaasi bɛɛ ɔn tט’טga ala ka bɛ mɔɔgin la pʋ yaŋi pa’as banɛ bɛ yin laa,[52][53] amaa wief yaטŋ banɛ an yטma anaasi bɛɛ tט’טg ala bɛnɛ ya’an.[54][55][56] Fʋ tɔ’ɔn nyɛ ni’ŋa ba bʋʋdi nam ni DNA linɛ dɔli ba sa’amnam la ni bɛɛ sire line (Y-chromosome) nɛ linɛ dɔli ba ma’nam ni bɛɛ dam line (mitochondrial DNA). Banɛ pʋ zʋɔe anɛ Y-chromosome variability,[57][58] ka lɛɛ mɔr bɔɔdim nɛ mitochondrial DNA la ni.[54][55][56] Regional variation mitochondrial DNA mɛ bɛ ka li yitnɛ wief yaטŋ banɛ an yטma anaasi bɛɛ tט’טg ala yit mɔɔgin ka lɛɛ bɛ yin’la.[54][55][56][59] Linɛ lɛm paas anɛ ba gbaŋ la nɛ ba si’im kpɛlim yaligid tɛns la.[60] Widi nɔbigid pam da anɛ 5000 paaɛ 3000 BCE.[61]

Ban nɛ nidib bɛllim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dunia wʋsa pʋʋgin, wief tʋm tʋʋma hali paas ninsaal malima pʋʋgin hali yʋma kɔbiga banɛ gaad sa. Ba mɔr widi maan di’ema vʋ’ʋsʋm saŋa, zɔt zɔɔs ka lɛn mɔri ba tʋm tʋʋma. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) vɛɛns ya ka yʋʋm tusayi nɛ anii ni (2008), widi banɛ da bɛ dunia da anɛ 59,000,000 ka ban 33,500,000 bɛ Americas, 13,800,000 da bɛ Asia ka 6,300,000 bɛ Europe ka bi’ela bɛ Africa nɛ Oceania sʋ’ʋlim nam. Makir anɛ ye widi na an wan wʋʋ 9,500,000 United States tɛŋin ma’a.[62] American Horse Council pa’al ye ban mɔr widi tʋm tʋʋm si’ebas mɔr sʋŋiri bɛ United States da’adiib ni ka li ligidi paae $39 billion, ka fʋ ya’a gɔs ligidi kanɛ ka ba da’ad la’adi kati wa’ae wief yela li na tʋʋg $102 billion.[63] Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ anaasi ni (2004) "vootug" kanɛ ka Animal Planet dim da maal la, nidib banɛ da paasi li pʋʋgin ban 50,000 ka yit nɛ tɛɛns pisyɔpɔi nɛ atan’ da voot ka wief paas bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ an anaasi ni ka nidib nɔŋi bɛ dunia ni.[64]

Ninsaali na tɔ’ɔn pian’a nɛ wief anɛ dinɛ an yelkpan bɛ ba tʋʋma pʋʋgin;[48] alazug ka ba ɛɛti nɔk salibiri nɛ kiiba niŋid wief lin na niŋ si’em ka onɛ ban’ad la zin’in ka da biki lii ka o mɛ nyaŋi nwɛdis wief la.[65] Sansi’eba bɛ ka ba pʋ nɔk si’eli pa’al wief zugo ka la’an ban’a o,[66] saŋsi’eba, ba zamisid widi lin na niŋ si’em ka ba pʋ niŋi ba kiiba bɛɛ salibirɛ ka ba la’an maan linɛ dɔl suor.[67] Ba ban’ad widi si’eba nɛ mɛn, lin ka li nar ye ba mɔr salibir, kiiba bɛɛ tɛriko.[68]

Di’ema

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Pin’iligin sa, wief ban’adib ban’adi ba zɔt ka li an di’ema. Banɛ ban’ad widi zɔt zɔɔs ka li an di’ema la nyɛt nidib bɛdigʋ ka ba kɛni li zin’igin la gɔsid ka ba yigin taaba. Di’ema bɛdigʋ, ka si’eba an dressage, eventing, wief ian’ap, pin’ili yinɛ soogianam zamisig pʋʋgin, ka li nar ye li kɛ ka wief la nɛ onɛ ban’ad o la nyɛ ningbina zi’esim ka da biki  lii. Di’ema si’eba wan wʋu rodeo, anɛ linɛ ka ba maan ka sɔ’ wʋsa nyɛt. Kʋdʋmin sa ka ba da pin’ili mɔr ban’ad widi kɛn mɔɔgin ied.[48] Widi zɔɔs nya’ab da pin’ili yinɛ banɛ ban’ad widi nɛ banɛ dɔribid lɔɔmi da yigilim taaba la ni. Di’emanam la ka ba mɔr widi di’emid la wʋsa bɔɔd ye onɛ ban’ad la mɔr baŋir ka wief la mɛ mi’ zɔɔs, ka li kɛt ka ba yʋ’ʋn dʋ’ad banɛ mi’ zɔɔs hali. Di’ema kanɛ an ye ba ban’ad widi yigilim la yʋʋg ya paae yʋma ka nan kpɛlim bɛ zina nwa’, amaa li kpɛlim bi’ela ka li gaadin ban pʋ lɛn mɔr widi yit zaba la yela.[48]

Ba zamisid widi lin na niŋ si’em ka ba nyaŋ ka ba ban’a ba ka ba zɔ bɛɛ ba nɔk tɛriko niŋi ba ka ba yigilim. Di’ema la si’eba anɛ show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, nɛ fox hunting.[69] Widi di’ema, banɛ da pin’il medieval European zin’isin la, nan kpɛlim bɛ zina dunia zin’ig si’eba. Ba mɔr zamisig zin’is ka ba pa’an zamisignam kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka li si’eba ba pʋ ban’ad wief la, ba lɛɛ vɛ’ɛd  o nɛ ka ba gɔsid, ka makidi ba gɔsid ye widi la si’akidi ba nɔɔr bɛ. Banɛ an sariakatibi bɛ di’em bama ni la kat saria kati wa’ae nɛ di’ema la an di’em si’a, amaa fʋn na di ya’an bɛnɛ fʋn kanɛ ban’ad la baŋir nɛ wief la si’akidi fʋ nɔɔr si’em.[70] Di’emsi’eba wan wʋʋ polo ba pʋ gɔsid wief la ka kad saria, ba lɛɛ gɔsid nɛ ka widi la an sʋŋidib ka pʋ paas di’ema la nii. Baa ban na zamis wief la sʋ’ʋŋa ka o nyaan di’em di’ema la, widi la di’em si’em wʋsa, ba pʋ kaan ni paasida, ba gɔsid nɛ onɛ ban’ad la itiʋŋ—li ya’a an ye ba nwɛ’ɛ bɔɔl ka li di gɔɔl bɛɛ li ya’a anɛ di’em si’a wʋsa.[54] Di’embanɛ buudi ka nidib la’asid nɛ widi di’emid si’eba anɛ jousting, di’emkan ni anɛ onɛ nyaŋi bik o tiraani bas ka o naan wief la zugu lu tɛŋin,[71] nɛ buzkashi, di’emkanɛ ka ba la’asidi di’emidi bɛ Central Asia, di’ema la yelkpan anɛ ye ba naan widi la zug ka gba’ae bʋʋg tɛŋin.[54]

Ban ban’ad widi yigilim la anɛ di’emkpan hali ka tɛŋtɛŋ di’emid, ka nidib gɔsidi li tɛŋ wʋsa dunia nwa ni. di’embama anɛ zin’is atan’: "amɛŋa" zɔɔs; steeplechasing, lin anɛ ba zɔt nɛ ian’di gaansid si’elnam; nɛ harness racing, di’emkan ni ba lɔɔd wief nɛ ta’al tɛriko ka o vɛ’ɛdi zɔt.[72] Dinɛ kɛt ka widi ban’ab mɔr ligidi anɛ nidibi maan bʋgʋlʋmbʋgʋlʋm li yela la.[73]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tʋʋm si’eba bɛ ka widi nyaŋidi tʋm sʋ’ʋŋa, ka ba nan pʋ nyaŋi maal na’asaasɔɔng laʋg si’a ka li tʋm tʋʋmbanɛ. Li si’eba anɛ, widi banɛ ka pʋlʋs zin’i ba zugi tʋm tʋʋma la nan kpɛlim anɛ ala, ka ba mɔri ba kpɛn’ɛd zin’ig si’eba ka mɛ gu’ud nidib.[74] Banɛ gur niigi nan kpɛlim mɔr nɛ widi ban’adi giŋid niigi banɛ zuoe widigi di’e zin’ig. [75]Tɛŋ si’eba ni banɛ ied banɛ pʋ’alim ye ba sʋŋi ba nan mɔr widi ban’adi ban’adi ied, li kaskas anɛ banɛ maan kuom ni di’ema nɛ biis, ka mɛ sʋŋ ka ba nyaŋi kɛŋ paae zin’is banɛ ka tɛŋ san’am ka ba paam daamig ni sʋŋi ba.[76] Ba mɔr widi ban’ad zin’is banɛ ka ba pʋ bɔɔd ye lɔr maan tʋkpiidig nɛ uusugɔ. Ba mɛ mɔr widi ban’ad zin’is banɛ ka si’el kʋ nyaŋi kpɛn’ɛ anina wan wʋʋ mɔɔgin nɛ zin’is banɛ ka ba mɛ pʋ bɔɔd tʋkpiidigɔ. Banɛ gɔsid wada tʋʋma yela si’eba wan wʋʋ park rangers bɛɛ game wardens tɔ’ɔn mɔr widi giligidi gɔsid  zin’ig la, ka ba mɛ lɛn mɔr widi ban’adi kɛn zin’is banɛ an kʋkʋna nɛ kuga ka lɔr kʋ nyaŋi paae anina.[77]

Baa ban maal  na’asaasɔɔng la’asi’eba ka li di’e widi tʋʋma zin’ig si’eba la, widi, niigi nɛ bʋmʋs wan wʋʋ 100 million ka ba nan kpɛlim mɔri tʋm kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl zin’is ni ka mɛ kɛ ka ba ziid la’ad tɛŋ banɛ nan pʋ nɔbig la ni. Kanl nwa paad bʋnkɔnbid banɛ an 27 million ka tʋm tʋʋma bɛ Africa sʋ’ʋlim ma’a bɛn la.[78] Ba mɛ mɔr widi tɛŋ maalig pʋʋgin, wan wʋʋ kuob bɛɛ bʋnib tʋʋma ni. Kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl pʋʋgin, ba mɔr widi nami tʋm tʋʋma banɛ ka ba naan nɔkin masin nam ka ba san’amid tɛŋ la ka li an na’ana’a ka tɛŋ la pʋ san’amida.[79][80] Fʋ ya’a mɔr wief nwaand daad li pʋ san’amid tɛŋ wala ka mɛ pʋ san’amid tiis la.[81]

Zaba

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ba da mɔr widi zabid ka li yʋʋg hali pin’ligin sa. Ban da vɛɛns yiiga baŋ ye ba da pin’ili mɔr widi kɛn zaba da anɛ 4000 nɛ 3000 BCE,[82] ka Bronze Age saŋa ka ba da mɔri widi zabid tita’am.[83][84] Baa dunia yʋ’ʋn ti’ak ka widi lɛn ka’a zaba la’ad la, ba na mɔr widi k zin’isin tʋm, li kaskas anɛ malima saŋa, bɛɛ zin’is banɛ ka tɛŋ la an kʋkʋna bɛɛ kuga ka lɔr kʋ nyaŋi paae anina. Banɛ da nɔk widi zab 21st century anɛ  Janjaweed soogianam bɛ Darfur zaba la ni.[85]

Di’ema nɛ malima

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ba mɔr widi tʋm tʋʋma zina ka li anɛ ban da pin’il li yʋʋg ya. Ba mɔr widi ka pa’an zaba la’ad bɛɛ la’ad banɛ wan, ba ya’a ɛɛti pa’an kʋdʋmin dim yela, li kaskas anɛ kʋdʋmin dim zaba kanɛ ka li yʋ’ʋr yi.[86] Ba mɔr widi di’em di’emsi’eba linɛ pa’an buudi malima yela. Tɛŋsi’eba wan wʋʋ United Kingdom dim nan kpɛlim mɔr widi nɛ tɛriko nɔ’ɔsidi ba taaba nɛ ba nimsʋma kɛni ba malima zin’is ni.[87] Zin’is banɛ ka ba pa’an tɛŋkʋdʋgʋn la’ad wan wʋʋ Budweiser Clydesdales, malima saŋa nɛ nidibi la’asid taaba zin’ig si’eba, ba gʋlʋs widi ka ba zi’e vɛ’ɛd tɛriko ka li wan ban da mɔr tɛriko si’eba ka nyaan maal bʋnsaama banɛ bɛ zina nwa la.[88]

Ba mɔr widi pa’an T.V., sini, nɛ gbana sɔb pʋʋgin. Ba mɔri ba maan sini pa’an bʋnkɔnbid si’eba yela, ka mɔri ba footonami niŋid sininam la ni pa’an kʋdʋmin sɔlima nam.[89] Ba mɔr widi banɛ vʋe nɛ banɛ ka ba buoe niŋ gbaŋ pʋʋgin maan la’ad kuosig di’ema ka nidib baŋid la’ad la yela.[90] Wief bɛ coats of arms, bɛ heraldry, ka mɛ bɛ la’ad si’eba ni.[91] Banɛ pa’an malima nɛ winpʋ’ʋsim yela wan wʋʋ Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, nɛ Germanic, pa’an widi ba gbana ni nɛ widi banɛ mɔr kʋkpama, ka tɔɔli si’eba pa’an ye ba yɛlim wief la ka o maal wadig nɛ winig bɔɔnlim.[92] Wief mɛ paas bʋnkɔnbid yʋda banɛ bɛ Chinese zodiac kanl pʋʋginɛ pa’ani ba nwadis piinɛ ayi yʋʋm pʋʋgin la ni.[93]

Widi anɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba gɔs ka maal la’ad banɛ kɛn bɛdigʋ ka ba si’eba mɔri li zanbini niŋidi ba la’ad banɛ ka ba maali ba ka ba kɛn la ni. Ba si’eba anɛ Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, nɛ Baojun.[94][95][96] Indian TVS Motor Company mɛ gʋlʋg nɛ wief tabili ba moto la zug.

Ti’ebig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Nidib banɛ yʋma zɛm si’em wʋsa ka mɔr wintadimisi ba niŋgbina ni bɛɛ ba pʋtɛnda ni paamid sʋŋir hali bɛ ban na la’asi ba mɛŋ nɛ widi. Ba mɔr ban ban’ad wief si’em ka li na nyaŋi kɛ ka nid pʋtɛn’ɛr nie nyain bɛ banɛ mɔr wintadimis ni ka sʋŋidi ba ka ba nyaŋidi gban’adi ba mɛŋ, ka kpɛ’ɛŋi ba mɛŋ, ka kɛt ka ba pʋtɛn’ɛr an nyain ka ba baŋ ye ba sʋ’ʋe ba mɛŋ.[97] Ba nyaŋid baŋ ye li an sʋ’ʋm ka ba mɔr widi yigilim, li an sʋ’ʋm tis banɛ mɔr wintadimis, ka lin ka ba lʋgir wan wʋʋ International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) baŋ ka kpɛmisidi li tuon kɛn yela. Ban mɔr widi ban’abi ti’ebid ban’as la mɔr yʋda kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb tis ban’as banɛ an niŋgbiŋin, tʋʋma yela, nɛ banɛ pʋ tɔn’ɔn pian’ada.[98] Hippotherapy ni, ba mɔr widi ban’abi sʋŋid  ban’adnam ka ba pʋtɛnda yɔ’ɔgid, niŋgbiŋ nwɛdigir nɛ lin na niŋ si’em ka ban’ad kɛŋ sʋ’ʋŋa, amaa ka therapeutic horseback riding mɔr nɛ zamisid ban’ab.[99]

Widi ban’ab sʋŋid nidib pʋtɛnda ka li yɔɔgid ba ya’a ban’ad wɔ ba pʋ ban’ad wɔ. "Equine-assisted" bɛɛ "equine-facilitated" ti’ebig anɛ ti’ebig kanɛ ka ba mɔr widi ban’abi sʋ’ʋŋid ninsaal pʋtɛn’ɛr yɔɔgir yela ti’ebid zulɛbin ban’as,  wan wʋ fʋ pʋtɛn’ɛr ya’a an basaa, fʋ sʋnf ya’a san’am, fʋ zug ya’a nwɛ’ɛ, fʋ itiŋ ya’a an linɛ ka fʋ pʋ gban’a li gbin nɛ, nɛ banɛ ka si’elnam ti’aki ba nyɔvʋr pʋʋgin.[100] Ba mɛ mɔr widi bɛ sarega ni. Widi ya’a bɛ sarega la ni li sʋŋidi si’ed pʋtɛn’ɛr bɛ’ɛd, ba ya’a ti yi anina.[101]

La’ad

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi anɛ tʋʋma la’adi tis ninsaalibi maan la’adsi’eba bɛdigʋ hali pin’iligin sa, la’abanɛ ka ba pʋ dit wief la nii nɛ la’abanɛ bɛ wief la ni, o ya’a nan vʋe gba.

La’abanɛ ka ba paamidi yit widi banɛ vʋe ni anɛ bin’isim ka banɛ mɔri ba bɛdigʋ la ɛɛti la’asi li ka li mi’ig ka ba ka nɔki maal linɛ buon kumis.[55] Ba da mɔr wief ziim ka li anɛ diib bɛ Mongol nɛ nomadic buudi nam ni, ba da gɔs ka li anɛ dikanɛ maan niŋgbina ka ba na nyaŋi mɔri li kɛŋ ban wa’ae zin’ig si’a wʋsa. Ban da nʋti ba mɛŋ widi ziim la da kɛ ka Mongols ban’ad widi yʋʋgid ka ba kɔ’ɔm pʋ zabida.[55] Tiim kanɛ ka ba buon Premarin la yinɛ ban la’as estrogens linɛ ka ba yis wief nya’aŋ kanɛ mɔr pʋʋg ni, ka da an tiim kanɛ ka ba mɔri li nʋʋd hali ka li sʋŋidi maan ninsaal niŋgbina.[102] Wief zʋʋr la ba mɔri maan wiinsi tis kɔna buudi wan wʋʋ violin, viola, cello, nɛ double bass.[103]

Wief ni’im anɛ diib tis ninsaalib nɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbidi ba taaba ni’im ma’a ka li ka’a zinaa. Yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin widi wan wʋʋ 5 million ka ba kuudi ɔnbid ni’im.[104] Dunia zin’is bɛdigʋ ni, ba ɔnbid o ni’im, amaa ka zin’ig si’eba ka li an kisig nɛ ban na ɔnb wief,[105] ka ba an linɛ ka tɛŋsi’eba na’anya’adib mɔri nya’ad na’am tɛŋ si’eba ni.[106] Ba mɔr widi gbana maan ta’ada, nu’upidiŋ, fuug gunir,[107] baseballs,[108] nɛ linɛ ka ba pid nu’ug ka nyaan nwɛ’ɛd baseball la. Ba mɔr wief tafɛɛdi maan titabid ka ba buon animal glue la.[109] Ba mɔr wief kɔnba maan tʋʋma la’ad.[110] Italian diib maalig zin’isin, ba mɔr wief kɔnbaʋg maal ka li pʋlim ka ba mɔri kʋnsit kurkur ni’imi gɔsid ye li san’am ya bɛ.[111] Asia  tɛŋin, laʋk anɛ ka ba buon saba yinɛ wief gbaʋŋ ni ka ba mɔri maan

kumis.[112]

Niŋgbina luos

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tafeed

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ti ya'a ye ti pian' wief nɔba yɛla, ti na dɔlis ban yɛl si'el ye "nɔbir ya'a kae, wief kae"[113] Wief tafeet la pin'ilnɛ nɛ distal phalanges, dinɛ mɔr kpinnim nɛ ninsaal nu'ubil naarin bɛɛ nɔbbil naarin an si'em la ka mɔr cartilage nɛ laminae. Tafeeug la yiiŋ anɛ dinɛ nwɛnɛ iil ka ba nɔk keratin maalnɛ, din mɛ nwɛnɛ ninsaal nu'u-in'a.[114] Di lɛbisug la anɛ ye wief tɛbisim anɛ nwɛnɛ 500 kilograms (1,100 lb),[115] nwɛnɛ ninsaal kɔnbiri an si'em la nɔb-bibis naarin.[116] Ban bɔɔd ye ba gu' widi nɔba la zug, ba pidi ba sieba nɔba nɛ ta'ada. Tafeet la nɔbigidnɛ saŋa wusa ka di nar ye ba ɛɛnti gɔs ka kiesi di bakɔi anu kem paae anii saŋa wusa,[117] la'an nɛ banɛ bɛ mɔɔgun la tafeedi ɛɛnti nɔbigi ku'ug ka lɛm maligim nɔbug ya'as la.

Gɔsʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi anɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid mɔɔd, ka linɛ maani ba niŋgbina anɛ mɔɔg la ka ba ɔnbid la.[118] Ba tɔ’ɔn di diibpaam paŋ kanɛ bɛɛ ba niŋgbiŋin la buudi ayi paae ayi’ nɛ pʋsʋk kɔbiga pʋʋgin  (2% paae 2.5%) daar wʋsa. Linzug wief kanɛ tɛbisim paae 450-kilogram (990 lb) ka o an bʋnkʋdʋg na tɔ’ɔn di ka li paae 11 kilograms (24 lb) diib.[119] Saŋsi’eba, diib banɛ kpi’em wan wʋʋ bi’elim anɛ linɛ ka ba paasidi tisidi ba ka ka’a mɔɔg la ma’a nɛ, li kaskas anɛ bʋnkɔnbig la ya’a nan mɔr paŋ ka kpi’em.[120] Ba ya’a ɔnb bi’elim, banɛ gɔsidi ba diib yela pa’al ye li nar ka ba diib kanɛ ka ba dit pʋsʋk bɛɛ li gaad ala an mɔɔg, li nar ka o ɔnb mɔɔgi gaad dibanɛ bɛ.[121]

Widi bɔɔd kuom kanɛ an nyain bɛdigʋ, li ya’a pɔɔd si’em li nar ka li paae 38 paae 45 litres (10 paae 12 US galam) daar wʋsa.[122] Baa ban na nyaŋi gbɛn’ɛ yi’iŋ la, ba bɔɔd sʋ’ak zin’ig, lin na niŋ si’em ka sisi’em kʋ daami baa, fʋ tɔ’ɔn mɛ dɔɔg bili tisi ba bɛɛ dɔɔg tita’ar mɛn.[123]

Wief bɔɔdim anɛ fʋn na gɔsidi ba tafɛɛd la saŋa wʋsa, ka kʋnsidi ba gu’ud ban’as kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka banɛ gɔsid bʋnkɔnbid la gɔsi ba nyina bɛɛ nyina dʋ’ata.[124] Fʋ ya’a mɔri widi ka ba bɛ zin’ig yinnɛ ma’a li nar ka fʋ kɛt ka ba wisigidi ba niŋgbina saŋa wʋsa lin na niŋ si’em ka ba paam laafi nɛ pʋtɛn’ɛr sʋŋ.[125] Fʋ ya’a gɔsidi ba nɛ yi’iŋ, li nar ye fʋ maal zin’ig la sʋ’ʋŋa, ka mɛ zanguom gu’ lɛbisd.[126] Fʋ ya’a gɔsi di li niŋgbiŋ la sʋʋdi li mɛ sʋŋid ka ba kɔnbilig la an sʋ’ʋŋa nɛ niŋgbaŋ la.[127]

Niŋtʋʋlim ti’akir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ wai ni (2019), widi banɛ da bɛ dunia wʋsa da anɛ wan wʋʋ 17 million. Widi kpɛɛmnam la nar ka ba niŋtʋʋlim bɛn an 37.5 nɛ 38.5 °C (99.5 nɛ 101.3 °F) tɛnsʋk, ka ba la’an tɔ’ɔn bɛ zin’is banɛ ka tʋʋlig la an 5 nɛ 25 °C (41 nɛ 77 °F) tɛnsʋk. Amaa ba ya’a wisigi ba niŋgbina la galis, ba niŋtʋʋlim paasid 1 °C (1.8 °F) minute wʋsa pʋʋgin, bɔzugɔ paŋkanɛ yit widi la san’an pisnii, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (80%) tisid nɛ niŋtʋʋlim.

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 630–631. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ↑ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003). "Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)". Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 60 (1): 81–84. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007.
  3. ↑ "Do You Know How Horses Sleep?". The Spruce. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ensminger, pp. 46–50
  5. ↑ Wright, B. (March 29, 1999). "The Age of a Horse". Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  6. ↑ Ryder, Erin. "World's Oldest Living Pony Dies at 56". The Horse. Archived from the original on January 24, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
  7. ↑ British Horse Society (1966). The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society and the Pony Club (6th edition, reprinted 1970 ed.). Kenilworth, UK: British Horse Society. p. 255. ISBN 0-9548863-1-3.
  8. ↑ "Rules of the Australian Stud Book" (PDF). Australian Jockey Club. 2007. p. 7. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  9. ↑ "Equine Age Requirements for AERC Rides". American Endurance Riding Conference. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ensminger, p. 418
  11. ↑ Giffin, p. 431
  12. ↑ Ensminger, p. 430
  13. ↑ Ensminger, p. 415
  14. ↑ Becker, Marty; Pavia, Audrey; Spadafori, Gina; Becker, Teresa (2007). Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors. HCI. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7573-0608-2.
  15. ↑ Ensminger, p. 422
  16. ↑ Ensminger, p. 427
  17. ↑ Ensminger, p. 420
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