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Wief

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Wief
taxon
Subclass ofEquus caballus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Short nameE. ferus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon nameEquus ferus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Taxon rankspecies Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Parent taxonEquus Dɛmisim gbɛlima
IUCN conservation statusEN Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Habitatgrassland, forest Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Diel cyclecathemeral Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Wief (Equus ferus caballus)[1][2] anɛ yin bunkɔnkanɛ mɔr nɔb kpansimkpan'ar kanɛ an mum. ɔn bɛ dɔ sia buudi ni anɛ Equidae ka an extant subspecies yit Equus ferus la ni yinne.

Wief kanɛ ka na'asaanam buon ye (Equus ferus caballus)[1][5] anɛ yin bʋnkkɔnbʋg kanɛ nɔbʋri bʋak yinnɛ ka an' bʋnkɔnb kanɛ dʋad. O yinɛ  taxonomic Equidae  buudi la ni.ka mɛ pɛ'ɛs buudi ayi Bama banɛ an' Equus ferus. Wief bɛ dunia ni di ka yʋma zulim hali wʋʋ yʋʋm million nam la pisnaasi nɛ anu nɛ pisnu nɛ anu sa. Ka di pin'il nɛ banɛ mɔr nɔba buakir bɛdigʋ ti paae banɛ mɔr nɔba buakir yinnɛ.Nidib da pin'il nɛ mɔri ba kpɛ'ɛnsid yin wʋʋ yʋma tusa pisnaasi (4000 BCE)  bɛ  Central Asia, ka nidib vɛn'ɛsi gɔs ka ye ba yin kpɛn'ɛnsʋg  la pin'il nɛ wʋʋ 3000 BCE nɛ. Widi wʋʋ caballus la bɛnɛ yin. Widi sieba bɛ dunia la ni bɛɛ yadig teŋgbaŋ wʋsa ka an' si'anrin bʋnam ka ba buon ye feral widi ka ba nan  zi'i kpɛ'n yin nɛ. Ti mɔr yɛl sieba pa'an nɛ ba wʋʋ ba niŋgbiŋ si'im, bɛdim, nwaasim, yʋ'akir, nyɔvʋr bɛllim, ken nɛ ba itima.

Widi tuuma anɛ zʋaa.Di sʋŋidi ba ka ba nyaŋidi lʋakid bʋn dinɛ na daamɛ ba bɛllim ka mɛ nyaŋi zabi sʋ'ʋgi ba yi si'anrin bʋnkɔbit pʋʋgʋn. mɛŋ. Widi na tʋn'ɛ zi'e bɛɛ digi ka gbisid. Widbibis la nɔŋ gbɛɛm gaad bʋnbaanlʋg la.[3] Wid nya'ans la ba buon ye mares, wid nya'aŋ ya'a nɔŋ pʋʋg nwadis awai ka dʋad. Ba buon widbil ye la yʋʋn foal, ba ya'a dʋa o,  o na nya'aŋi zi'en ka pin'ili zɔt biel bieli dɔl o ma. Saŋa bɛdigʋ nii, yin widi la  yiti pin'ilnɛ samisid din yi yʋma ayi nɛ yʋma anaasi ni la. Yʋma anʋ la ka ba yʋ'ʋn bi titʋaa.  Ba vʋi nɛ paad yʋma Pisanʋ  25 nɛ pistan' 30  bɛn.

Widi buudi bɛɛ ba kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb anɛ wʋʋ buudi atan.  Ba bakir anɛ ba sʋnsʋf tʋʋma. Banɛ ziim tʋl , ka ba nyaŋidi zɔt ka mɔdigid. " zi' ma'asir dim  ", wʋʋ draft Widi la nɛ  ponies banɛ  tʋɔɛ tʋm baanlim baanlim, nɛ tʋʋm kpi'ema; zi'bu'gur dim banɛ bɛ zi'tʋʋl nɛ zi'masir teŋsug. Ba mɔr ban nɛ ban'ad yelsieba saŋa. Di kas kas anɛ  Europe teŋin. Ti mɔr wʋʋ widi buudi kɔbistan dunia zugin. Ka wʋsa tʋm tʋʋma kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb.

Yɔꞌvʋmbɛn nɛ yɔꞌvʋm as siɛm

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wɛn wɔɔ ɔn an bɔɔdsia, bɛ ban mɔrꞌɔ siɛm nɛ ɔn bɛ tɛŋsia, dʋnꞌna wief nam tɔn vʋꞌɛ yʋma pisinɛ anʋ kiŋ paaɛ yʋma pistan.[4] Li kaꞌaɛ naꞌana ka ba biɛla vʋꞌɛ paad pisnaasi, ka saŋsiɛba gat ala.[5] Ɔnɛ da vʋɛ gad anɛ “Old Billy”, 19th century wief kanɛ da vʋɛ kiŋ paaɛ yʋma pisyʋɔbɔ nɛ ayi.[4] Dʋnꞌna, Sugar Puff, ɔnɛ yʋꞌʋrɛ bɛ gbana ni Guinness World Records la an wief bil ɔnɛ da vʋɛ yʋꞌʋg paaɛ yʋma pisnʋ nɛ ayʋɔbɔ ka da kpi yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ ayɔpɔi la ni.[6]

Li baꞌa kai wief bɛɛ wief bil dʋam dabisir an siɛm, ba ɛnti paꞌas nɛ yʋꞌʋm ɔ yʋma la yɛ ban mɔrɛ ba maan azɔꞌɔgaadtaaba la yɛla yʋꞌʋm wʋsa yiiga wadig la yiiga dabisir zinꞌis banɛ bɛ Northern Hemisphere la[4][7] nɛ yʋʋm wʋsa wadisa anii la ni yiiga dabisir zinꞌis banɛ bɛ Southern Hemisphere la.[8] Li bɔɔdim kʋdim anɛ yɛ ɔ yaꞌa paꞌaɛ baꞌanp, amaa sɛy ka ɔ paaɛ yʋma siɛm ka naan nyaŋi paasa azɔɔgaadtaaba ni.[9]

Yʋꞌʋr bama paꞌan wiꞌdi nam yʋma:

Foal

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief daaug bɛɛ wief nya'aŋ kanɛ nan pʋ paaɛ yʋʋm yinne. Wief kanɛ nan mʋꞌad ba buon nɛ yɛ suckling, ka wief kanɛ bas mʋꞌab an weanling.[10] Widi bibis banɛ gbɛꞌɛd yaan la bat biꞌisim mʋab nɛ wadisa anʋ kiŋ paaɛ wadisa ayɔpɔi amaa ba tɔꞌɔn bas mʋab wadisa anaasi la ni ka siɛl kʋ maali baa.[11]

Yearling

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief kanɛ an yʋʋm bɛɛ yʋma ayi.[12]

Colt

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief dibig kanɛ an pʋ tʋꞌʋg yʋma anaasi.[13] Li pʋ nar yɛ ba bʋɔl wief bil wʋsa ye “colt”, yʋꞌʋr la anɛ widi banɛ an bʋndibis maꞌa.[14]

Filly

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief yaʋŋ kanɛ pʋ tʋꞌʋg yʋma anaasii.[10]

Mare

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief yaʋŋ kanɛ an yʋma anaasi bɛɛ tʋꞌʋg ala.[15]

Stallion

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief dibig kanɛ ka ba pʋ zaꞌɔɔ ka ɔ an yʋma anaasi bɛɛ ɔn tʋꞌʋga ala.[16] Ba tɔꞌɔn lɛɛ bʋɔl ye “Wief” ka li lɛɛ an stallion.[17]

Gelding

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief dibig kanɛ ka ba zaꞌɔ, li baꞌa kai nɛ ɔ yʋma zɛm siɛm.[10]

Widi zɔꞌɔb ni, yʋꞌʋr bama tɔꞌɔn bɛ kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb: wɛn wɔɔ British Isles, Thoroughbred widi azɔɔgaadtaaba ni, ba yɛl yɛ colts nɛ fillies pʋ paaɛ yʋma anʋʋ.[18] Amaa Australia Thoroughbred widi azɔɔgaadtaaba ni ye colts nɛ fillies pʋ paaɛ yʋma anaasii.[19]

Zɛmisim nɛ makir bɛn

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief waꞌalim makir makidnɛ ɔ pʋtꞌtiŋ la bɛn, zinꞌig kanɛ ka ɔ niŋɔꞌɔr la tɔꞌɔŋ nɛ ɔ nyaꞌaŋla.[20] Ba makidnɛ anina lin an ɔ ziɛsim sʋŋ babir la, ka kai zʋg bɛɛ niŋɔꞌɔr la kin ka damꞌmid agɔla nɛ tɛŋin nɛ ɔ niŋbiŋla wʋsa laa.

Tɛŋꞌbanɛ piand naꞌasaal la, wief waꞌalim makid ne ne nʋꞌʋs ne inches: nʋꞌʋg makir yinɛ anɛ 4 inches (101.6 mm). waꞌalim la makidnɛ nɛ nʋꞌʋg mʋm ka lɛn kaꞌanl inches paas, ka naꞌaɛ nɛ “h” bɛɛ “hh” (for “hands high”). Wief kanɛ an “152 h” anɛ nʋꞌʋs 15 paas 2 inches ka li wʋsa laꞌas 62 inches (157.5 cm) waꞌalim.[21]

Ɔ zɛmisim la gɔsidnɛ ɔn an bʋʋdsia, nɛ ɔn dit diib siɛba. Widi banɛ ka ba pʋ baꞌad bɛdigʋ la waꞌalim anɛ nʋꞌʋs piinɛ anaasi paaɛ nʋꞌʋs piinɛ ayʋɔbɔ (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) ka tɔꞌɔn tɛbis wɔɔ 380 kiŋ paaɛ 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb).[22] widi banɛ ka ba baꞌad saŋa bɛdigʋ la na pinꞌil wɔɔ nʋꞌʋs waꞌalim 15.2 (62 inches, 157 cm) ka ɛnti waꞌam wɔɔ nʋꞌʋs waꞌalim piinɛ ayɔpɔi (68 inches, 173 cm) ka tɛbisim an wɔɔ 500 kiŋ paaɛ 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 Ib).[23] wief tɛbisa ɛnti an nɛ nʋꞌʋs piinɛ ayʋɔbɔ (64 inches, 163 cm) can tɔꞌɔn waꞌam wɔɔ nʋꞌʋs makir piinɛ anii (72 inches, 183 cm) high. Ba tɔꞌɔn tɛbis wɔɔ 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).[24]

Wief kane zʋꞌɔɛ galis da anɛ Shire wief kanɛ ka ɔ yʋꞌʋr an Mammoth, ka ba da dʋa ɔ yʋm tʋsir Kɔbʋs nii nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anii la. Ɔ ziɛsim an 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high ka ɔ tɛbisim makir an 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb).[25] wief kanɛ mɛ an bʋnbil ka ɔ yʋꞌʋr bɛ gbaꞌaŋin anɛ Thumbelina, wief kpɛꞌɛm kanɛ zɛm wɔɔ wief bil ka dwarfism da mɔr ɔ. ɔ da anɛ 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 inches) waꞌalim ni, ka ɔ tɛbisim an 26 kg (57 lb).[26][27]

Buudi

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi mɔr chromosome nam ban pisyuobu nɛ anaasi (64).[28] Ba ba paam wief Genome bɛnɛ yuum tusa ayi nɛ ayɔpɔi (2007) la ni. Di mɔrnɛ DNA ta'ada nam 2.7 billion,[29] dinɛ labisi gat baa genome, ka mɛ pɔɔdi gat ninsaal genome.[30] Di bɔɔnlum bɛ tis vɛɛnsidib.[31]

Siꞌim nɛ Zanbina

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi mɔr nɛ niŋbiŋ siꞌim kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb nɛ makir nam kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb ka gbaŋꞌsɔbidib pian li yɛla. Ba baŋid wief nɛ nɛ ɔ niŋbiŋ siꞌim ka naꞌan gɔt ɔn a buudsia bɛɛ ɔ anɛ bʋndaʋg bɛ bʋnyaʋŋ.[32] Widi banɛ mɔr siꞌim yinꞌnɛ la bɛ nɛ kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb nɛ zabin piꞌɛl siɛba ni,[33] nɛ dɔlisꞌsiɛba linɛ bɛ li kɔ nɛ ɔ niŋbiŋ siꞌim la.[34]

Sikir bɛdigʋ kɛt ka widi niŋbiŋ siꞌim yaŋidi baŋid. Siꞌkir nam la kɛ ya ka ba nyaŋi nyɛꞌ 13 alleles li nɛ kɛt ka niŋbiŋ siꞌim la bɛ,[35] ka vɛɛsvɛɛsidib kpɛlim kɛn tʋɔnꞌnɛ ɛad siꞌkir paala banɛ ba. Niŋbiŋ la siɛm siɛba anɛ chestnut nɛ black, li baŋidnɛ nɛ sikir ka nɛ yɛ Melanocortin 1 receptor ni,[36] ka ba buɔn yɛ “extension gene” bɛɛ “red factor”.[35] Li anɛ “zia” (chestnut) ka li sabilim la zuɔɛ.[37] Liꞌnɛ lɛn kɛt ka sabilim pʋ zuɔɛ ka an point coloration la baꞌasidnɛ linɛ ka ba buɔn yɛ bay, ka li wɛn wɔɔ pinto bɛɛ leopard, dilution genes wɔɔ palomino bɛɛ dun, laꞌam nɛ greying, nɛ siɛlnam banɛ kɛt ka siꞌim kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb bɛ wief ni.[35]

Widi banɛ mɔr gbaŋ piɛla la nidib ɛnti pʋ buɔni ba sʋm, widi banɛ wɛn wɔɔ “piꞌɛl” ɛntia nɛ middle-age bɛɛ older gray. Gray la ba dʋaꞌba nɛ nɛ sabilim ka ba pɛligid nɛ ban nɔbigid la ama aba ɛnti mɔr nɛ gbaŋ sabil ba gbaŋpiꞌɛl zuɔbid la ni (pink maꞌa ɛnti pʋ paꞌasɛ ba zabin linɛ an piꞌɛl la ni). Widi banɛ nar yɛ ba buɔn piꞌɛl anɛ banɛ mɔr zuɔbid piꞌɛla ba niŋbiŋin nɛ gbaŋ kanɛ an pink, ka lɛɛ pʋ nyɛꞌta anaꞌanaꞌa.[37] Generic factors nam kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb tɔꞌɔn maal wief niŋbiŋ la ka li an piꞌɛl, nɛ alleles nam bɛdigʋ banɛ an piꞌɛlla nɛ sabino-1 gene.[38] Amaa widi kai an “albino” ka li an ye ɔ mɔr nɛ gbaŋ kanɛ an pink ka lɛn mɔr ninꞌwiid.[39]

Widi buudi siɛba

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Yaꞌa kai widiꞌi, genus Equus mɔr widi la kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb zinꞌisa ayuobu. Ba sieba anɛ bʋŋ, Equus asinus; zuɔrin tɛŋinbʋŋ, Equus zebra; tɛŋinbuŋ, Equus quagga; Grevy's zebra, Equus grevyi; kiang; nɛ onager, Equus hemionus.[40]

Widi tɔꞌɔn laꞌasi dʋa nɛ widi bʋʋd siɛba. Banɛ an naꞌanaꞌa anɛ mule, ba laꞌasid nɛ “jack” (bʋŋdibig) nɛ mare. Hinny mɛ laꞌasid nɛ stallion nɛ “jenny” (bʋŋyaʋŋ).[41] Ba siɛba anɛ zorse, ba mɛ laꞌasidnɛ nɛ tɛŋinbʋŋ nɛ wief.[42] Banɛ an bʋʋdi ayiꞌyi la saŋa bɛdigʋ pʋ tɔnꞌɔn dʋaꞌda.[43]

Yin bɛllim nɛ ba pinꞌilig yɛla

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Wief yin bɛllim da sinꞌiŋnɛ central Asia 3500 BCE saŋa. Labaya ayi bɛɛ yaŋidi paꞌan widi yit bɛɛ gbɛꞌɛd ziɛnsia nɛ saŋakanɛ ka ba da sinꞌiŋi gbɛꞌɛd yin nɛ ban niŋ siɛmsiɛm yalꞌlig tɛŋ wʋsa. Labaꞌar yiiga yitnɛ palaɛological nɛ archaeological dim vɛɛrsig; linɛ paasa ayi la anɛ DNA kpaꞌsib kanɛ ka ba gɔs nanꞌnanꞌna widi nɛ widi banɛ da dɛŋim bɛ ka kpiꞌla kɔba nɛ ba nyina.

Archaeology dim vɛɛrsig yiiga da sinꞌiŋnɛ Ukraine nɛ Kazakhstan, 4000 – 3500 BCE.[44][45][46] Amaa widi banɛ da bɛ yaꞌan Botai Kazakhstan la da anɛ Przewalski widi ka kai yʋʋmpʋkʋꞌtin widi banɛ bɛ dʋnꞌna laa.[47][48]

3000 BCE, widi wʋsa da pʋn gbɛꞌɛdnɛ yin ka 2000 BCE widi kɔba bɛdigʋ da sinꞌiŋi bɛ yaꞌan northwestern Europe, linɛ da paꞌan widi nɔbigid zinꞌig wʋsa siɛm.[49] Linɛ nan pʋ yʋʋgɛ anɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka ba nyɛ widi kpiilima nɛ kʋtɛrikʋ nam ka ba bɛ yaadin Indo-European Sintashta nɛ Petrovka culture 2100 BCE.[50]

Yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ pisinɛ ayinꞌni la zamisig dim paꞌal ya yɛ widi bɛdigʋ yinɛ Volga-Don region.  Yʋʋmpʋkʋꞌtin widi kɛ ka ba kanl la zʋɔɛ yalig Eurasia, sinꞌiŋid yʋma tʋsa anaasi nɛ kɔbʋsyi banɛ gaad la. Li mɛ lɛm paꞌal yɛ ba da ganꞌsid siɛba nɛ ban tɔꞌɔn baꞌadi ba la nɛ equestrian material culture, laꞌam nɛ Sintashta, kutɛrikɔ nɛ widi la mɛŋ nɔbigir mɛn.[51][48]

Yin bɛlꞌlim tɔꞌɔn zamisi yitnɛ widi banɛ bɛ nanꞌnanꞌna nɛ widi banɛ da dɛŋim bɛ ka archaeology nɛ palaeology dim tʋꞌ nyɛꞌɛ ba kɔba nɛ ba yiꞌna la. Ba bʋʋdi la an kɔnꞌbkɔnꞌb la paꞌal yɛ wief dibig banɛ ka ba pʋ zaꞌabaa ka ba an yʋma anaasi bɛɛ ɔn tʋꞌʋga ala ka bɛ mɔɔgin la pʋ yaŋi paꞌas banɛ bɛ yin laa,[52][53] amaa wief yaʋŋ banɛ an yʋma anaasi bɛɛ tʋꞌʋg ala bɛnɛ yaꞌan.[54][55][56] Fʋ tɔꞌɔn nyɛ niꞌŋa ba bʋʋdi nam ni DNA linɛ dɔli ba saꞌamnam la ni bɛɛ sire line (Y-chromosome) nɛ linɛ dɔli ba maꞌnam ni bɛɛ dam line (mitochondrial DNA). Banɛ pʋ zʋɔe anɛ Y-chromosome variability,[57][58] ka lɛɛ mɔr bɔɔdim nɛ mitochondrial DNA la ni.[54][55][56] Regional variation mitochondrial DNA mɛ bɛ ka li yitnɛ wief yaʋŋ banɛ an yʋma anaasi bɛɛ tʋꞌʋg ala yit mɔɔgin ka lɛɛ bɛ yinꞌla.[54][55][56][59] Linɛ lɛm paas anɛ ba gbaŋ la nɛ ba siꞌim kpɛlim yaligid tɛns la.[60] Widi nɔbigid pam da anɛ 5000 paaɛ 3000 BCE.[61]

Ban nɛ nidib bɛllim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dunia wʋsa pʋʋgin, wief tʋm tʋʋma hali paas ninsaal malima pʋʋgin hali yʋma kɔbiga banɛ gaad sa. Ba mɔr widi maan diꞌema vʋꞌʋsʋm saŋa, zɔt zɔɔs ka lɛn mɔri ba tʋm tʋʋma. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) vɛɛns ya ka yʋʋm tusayi nɛ anii ni (2008), widi banɛ da bɛ dunia da anɛ 59,000,000 ka ban 33,500,000 bɛ Americas, 13,800,000 da bɛ Asia ka 6,300,000 bɛ Europe ka biꞌela bɛ Africa nɛ Oceania sʋꞌʋlim nam. Makir anɛ ye widi na an wan wʋʋ 9,500,000 United States tɛŋin maꞌa.[62] American Horse Council paꞌal ye ban mɔr widi tʋm tʋʋm siꞌebas mɔr sʋŋiri bɛ United States daꞌadiib ni ka li ligidi paae $39 billion, ka fʋ yaꞌa gɔs ligidi kanɛ ka ba daꞌad laꞌadi kati waꞌae wief yela li na tʋʋg $102 billion.[63] Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ anaasi ni (2004) "vootug" kanɛ ka Animal Planet dim da maal la, nidib banɛ da paasi li pʋʋgin ban 50,000 ka yit nɛ tɛɛns pisyɔpɔi nɛ atanꞌ da voot ka wief paas bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ an anaasi ni ka nidib nɔŋi bɛ dunia ni.[64]

Ninsaali na tɔꞌɔn pianꞌa nɛ wief anɛ dinɛ an yelkpan bɛ ba tʋʋma pʋʋgin;[48] alazug ka ba ɛɛti nɔk salibiri nɛ kiiba niŋid wief lin na niŋ siꞌem ka onɛ banꞌad la zinꞌin ka da biki lii ka o mɛ nyaŋi nwɛdis wief la.[65] Sansiꞌeba bɛ ka ba pʋ nɔk siꞌeli paꞌal wief zugo ka laꞌan banꞌa o,[66] saŋsiꞌeba, ba zamisid widi lin na niŋ siꞌem ka ba pʋ niŋi ba kiiba bɛɛ salibirɛ ka ba laꞌan maan linɛ dɔl suor.[67] Ba banꞌad widi siꞌeba nɛ mɛn, lin ka li nar ye ba mɔr salibir, kiiba bɛɛ tɛriko.[68]

Diꞌema

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Pinꞌiligin sa, wief banꞌadib banꞌadi ba zɔt ka li an diꞌema. Banɛ banꞌad widi zɔt zɔɔs ka li an diꞌema la nyɛt nidib bɛdigʋ ka ba kɛni li zinꞌigin la gɔsid ka ba yigin taaba. Diꞌema bɛdigʋ, ka siꞌeba an dressage, eventing, wief ianꞌap, pinꞌili yinɛ soogianam zamisig pʋʋgin, ka li nar ye li kɛ ka wief la nɛ onɛ banꞌad o la nyɛ ningbina ziꞌesim ka da biki  lii. Diꞌema siꞌeba wan wʋu rodeo, anɛ linɛ ka ba maan ka sɔꞌ wʋsa nyɛt. Kʋdʋmin sa ka ba da pinꞌili mɔr banꞌad widi kɛn mɔɔgin ied.[48] Widi zɔɔs nyaꞌab da pinꞌili yinɛ banɛ banꞌad widi nɛ banɛ dɔribid lɔɔmi da yigilim taaba la ni. Diꞌemanam la ka ba mɔr widi diꞌemid la wʋsa bɔɔd ye onɛ banꞌad la mɔr baŋir ka wief la mɛ miꞌ zɔɔs, ka li kɛt ka ba yʋꞌʋn dʋꞌad banɛ miꞌ zɔɔs hali. Diꞌema kanɛ an ye ba banꞌad widi yigilim la yʋʋg ya paae yʋma ka nan kpɛlim bɛ zina nwaꞌ, amaa li kpɛlim biꞌela ka li gaadin ban pʋ lɛn mɔr widi yit zaba la yela.[48]

Ba zamisid widi lin na niŋ siꞌem ka ba nyaŋ ka ba banꞌa ba ka ba zɔ bɛɛ ba nɔk tɛriko niŋi ba ka ba yigilim. Diꞌema la siꞌeba anɛ show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, nɛ fox hunting.[69] Widi diꞌema, banɛ da pinꞌil medieval European zinꞌisin la, nan kpɛlim bɛ zina dunia zinꞌig siꞌeba. Ba mɔr zamisig zinꞌis ka ba paꞌan zamisignam kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb, ka li siꞌeba ba pʋ banꞌad wief la, ba lɛɛ vɛꞌɛd  o nɛ ka ba gɔsid, ka makidi ba gɔsid ye widi la siꞌakidi ba nɔɔr bɛ. Banɛ an sariakatibi bɛ diꞌem bama ni la kat saria kati waꞌae nɛ diꞌema la an diꞌem siꞌa, amaa fʋn na di yaꞌan bɛnɛ fʋn kanɛ banꞌad la baŋir nɛ wief la siꞌakidi fʋ nɔɔr siꞌem.[70] Diꞌemsiꞌeba wan wʋʋ polo ba pʋ gɔsid wief la ka kad saria, ba lɛɛ gɔsid nɛ ka widi la an sʋŋidib ka pʋ paas diꞌema la nii. Baa ban na zamis wief la sʋꞌʋŋa ka o nyaan diꞌem diꞌema la, widi la diꞌem siꞌem wʋsa, ba pʋ kaan ni paasida, ba gɔsid nɛ onɛ banꞌad la itiʋŋ—li yaꞌa an ye ba nwɛꞌɛ bɔɔl ka li di gɔɔl bɛɛ li yaꞌa anɛ diꞌem siꞌa wʋsa.[54] Diꞌembanɛ buudi ka nidib laꞌasid nɛ widi diꞌemid siꞌeba anɛ jousting, diꞌemkan ni anɛ onɛ nyaŋi bik o tiraani bas ka o naan wief la zugu lu tɛŋin,[71] nɛ buzkashi, diꞌemkanɛ ka ba laꞌasidi diꞌemidi bɛ Central Asia, diꞌema la yelkpan anɛ ye ba naan widi la zug ka gbaꞌae bʋʋg tɛŋin.[54]

Ban banꞌad widi yigilim la anɛ diꞌemkpan hali ka tɛŋtɛŋ diꞌemid, ka nidib gɔsidi li tɛŋ wʋsa dunia nwa ni. diꞌembama anɛ zinꞌis atanꞌ: "amɛŋa" zɔɔs; steeplechasing, lin anɛ ba zɔt nɛ ianꞌdi gaansid siꞌelnam; nɛ harness racing, diꞌemkan ni ba lɔɔd wief nɛ taꞌal tɛriko ka o vɛꞌɛdi zɔt.[72] Dinɛ kɛt ka widi banꞌab mɔr ligidi anɛ nidibi maan bʋgʋlʋmbʋgʋlʋm li yela la.[73]

Tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tʋʋm siꞌeba bɛ ka widi nyaŋidi tʋm sʋꞌʋŋa, ka ba nan pʋ nyaŋi maal naꞌasaasɔɔng laʋg siꞌa ka li tʋm tʋʋmbanɛ. Li siꞌeba anɛ, widi banɛ ka pʋlʋs zinꞌi ba zugi tʋm tʋʋma la nan kpɛlim anɛ ala, ka ba mɔri ba kpɛnꞌɛd zinꞌig siꞌeba ka mɛ guꞌud nidib.[74] Banɛ gur niigi nan kpɛlim mɔr nɛ widi banꞌadi giŋid niigi banɛ zuoe widigi diꞌe zinꞌig. [75]Tɛŋ siꞌeba ni banɛ ied banɛ pʋꞌalim ye ba sʋŋi ba nan mɔr widi banꞌadi banꞌadi ied, li kaskas anɛ banɛ maan kuom ni diꞌema nɛ biis, ka mɛ sʋŋ ka ba nyaŋi kɛŋ paae zinꞌis banɛ ka tɛŋ sanꞌam ka ba paam daamig ni sʋŋi ba.[76] Ba mɔr widi banꞌad zinꞌis banɛ ka ba pʋ bɔɔd ye lɔr maan tʋkpiidig nɛ uusugɔ. Ba mɛ mɔr widi banꞌad zinꞌis banɛ ka siꞌel kʋ nyaŋi kpɛnꞌɛ anina wan wʋʋ mɔɔgin nɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka ba mɛ pʋ bɔɔd tʋkpiidigɔ. Banɛ gɔsid wada tʋʋma yela siꞌeba wan wʋʋ park rangers bɛɛ game wardens tɔꞌɔn mɔr widi giligidi gɔsid  zinꞌig la, ka ba mɛ lɛn mɔr widi banꞌadi kɛn zinꞌis banɛ an kʋkʋna nɛ kuga ka lɔr kʋ nyaŋi paae anina.[77]

Baa ban maal  naꞌasaasɔɔng laꞌasiꞌeba ka li diꞌe widi tʋʋma zinꞌig siꞌeba la, widi, niigi nɛ bʋmʋs wan wʋʋ 100 million ka ba nan kpɛlim mɔri tʋm kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl zinꞌis ni ka mɛ kɛ ka ba ziid laꞌad tɛŋ banɛ nan pʋ nɔbig la ni. Kanl nwa paad bʋnkɔnbid banɛ an 27 million ka tʋm tʋʋma bɛ Africa sʋꞌʋlim maꞌa bɛn la.[78] Ba mɛ mɔr widi tɛŋ maalig pʋʋgin, wan wʋʋ kuob bɛɛ bʋnib tʋʋma ni. Kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl pʋʋgin, ba mɔr widi nami tʋm tʋʋma banɛ ka ba naan nɔkin masin nam ka ba sanꞌamid tɛŋ la ka li an naꞌanaꞌa ka tɛŋ la pʋ sanꞌamida.[79][80] Fʋ yaꞌa mɔr wief nwaand daad li pʋ sanꞌamid tɛŋ wala ka mɛ pʋ sanꞌamid tiis la.[81]

Zaba

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ba da mɔr widi zabid ka li yʋʋg hali pinꞌligin sa. Ban da vɛɛns yiiga baŋ ye ba da pinꞌili mɔr widi kɛn zaba da anɛ 4000 nɛ 3000 BCE,[82] ka Bronze Age saŋa ka ba da mɔri widi zabid titaꞌam.[83][84] Baa dunia yʋꞌʋn tiꞌak ka widi lɛn kaꞌa zaba laꞌad la, ba na mɔr widi k zinꞌisin tʋm, li kaskas anɛ malima saŋa, bɛɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka tɛŋ la an kʋkʋna bɛɛ kuga ka lɔr kʋ nyaŋi paae anina. Banɛ da nɔk widi zab 21st century anɛ  Janjaweed soogianam bɛ Darfur zaba la ni.[85]

Diꞌema nɛ malima

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ba mɔr widi tʋm tʋʋma zina ka li anɛ ban da pinꞌil li yʋʋg ya. Ba mɔr widi ka paꞌan zaba laꞌad bɛɛ laꞌad banɛ wan, ba yaꞌa ɛɛti paꞌan kʋdʋmin dim yela, li kaskas anɛ kʋdʋmin dim zaba kanɛ ka li yʋꞌʋr yi.[86] Ba mɔr widi diꞌem diꞌemsiꞌeba linɛ paꞌan buudi malima yela. Tɛŋsiꞌeba wan wʋʋ United Kingdom dim nan kpɛlim mɔr widi nɛ tɛriko nɔꞌɔsidi ba taaba nɛ ba nimsʋma kɛni ba malima zinꞌis ni.[87] Zinꞌis banɛ ka ba paꞌan tɛŋkʋdʋgʋn laꞌad wan wʋʋ Budweiser Clydesdales, malima saŋa nɛ nidibi laꞌasid taaba zinꞌig siꞌeba, ba gʋlʋs widi ka ba ziꞌe vɛꞌɛd tɛriko ka li wan ban da mɔr tɛriko siꞌeba ka nyaan maal bʋnsaama banɛ bɛ zina nwa la.[88]

Ba mɔr widi paꞌan T.V., sini, nɛ gbana sɔb pʋʋgin. Ba mɔri ba maan sini paꞌan bʋnkɔnbid siꞌeba yela, ka mɔri ba footonami niŋid sininam la ni paꞌan kʋdʋmin sɔlima nam.[89] Ba mɔr widi banɛ vʋe nɛ banɛ ka ba buoe niŋ gbaŋ pʋʋgin maan laꞌad kuosig diꞌema ka nidib baŋid laꞌad la yela.[90] Wief bɛ coats of arms, bɛ heraldry, ka mɛ bɛ laꞌad siꞌeba ni.[91] Banɛ paꞌan malima nɛ winpʋꞌʋsim yela wan wʋʋ Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, nɛ Germanic, paꞌan widi ba gbana ni nɛ widi banɛ mɔr kʋkpama, ka tɔɔli siꞌeba paꞌan ye ba yɛlim wief la ka o maal wadig nɛ winig bɔɔnlim.[92] Wief mɛ paas bʋnkɔnbid yʋda banɛ bɛ Chinese zodiac kanl pʋʋginɛ paꞌani ba nwadis piinɛ ayi yʋʋm pʋʋgin la ni.[93]

Widi anɛ bʋnlinɛ ka ba gɔs ka maal laꞌad banɛ kɛn bɛdigʋ ka ba siꞌeba mɔri li zanbini niŋidi ba laꞌad banɛ ka ba maali ba ka ba kɛn la ni. Ba siꞌeba anɛ Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, nɛ Baojun.[94][95][96] Indian TVS Motor Company mɛ gʋlʋg nɛ wief tabili ba moto la zug.

Tiꞌebig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Nidib banɛ yʋma zɛm siꞌem wʋsa ka mɔr wintadimisi ba niŋgbina ni bɛɛ ba pʋtɛnda ni paamid sʋŋir hali bɛ ban na laꞌasi ba mɛŋ nɛ widi. Ba mɔr ban banꞌad wief siꞌem ka li na nyaŋi kɛ ka nid pʋtɛnꞌɛr nie nyain bɛ banɛ mɔr wintadimis ni ka sʋŋidi ba ka ba nyaŋidi gbanꞌadi ba mɛŋ, ka kpɛꞌɛŋi ba mɛŋ, ka kɛt ka ba pʋtɛnꞌɛr an nyain ka ba baŋ ye ba sʋꞌʋe ba mɛŋ.[97] Ba nyaŋid baŋ ye li an sʋꞌʋm ka ba mɔr widi yigilim, li an sʋꞌʋm tis banɛ mɔr wintadimis, ka lin ka ba lʋgir wan wʋʋ International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) baŋ ka kpɛmisidi li tuon kɛn yela. Ban mɔr widi banꞌabi tiꞌebid banꞌas la mɔr yʋda kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb tis banꞌas banɛ an niŋgbiŋin, tʋʋma yela, nɛ banɛ pʋ tɔnꞌɔn pianꞌada.[98] Hippotherapy ni, ba mɔr widi banꞌabi sʋŋid  banꞌadnam ka ba pʋtɛnda yɔꞌɔgid, niŋgbiŋ nwɛdigir nɛ lin na niŋ siꞌem ka banꞌad kɛŋ sʋꞌʋŋa, amaa ka therapeutic horseback riding mɔr nɛ zamisid banꞌab.[99]

Widi banꞌab sʋŋid nidib pʋtɛnda ka li yɔɔgid ba yaꞌa banꞌad wɔ ba pʋ banꞌad wɔ. "Equine-assisted" bɛɛ "equine-facilitated" tiꞌebig anɛ tiꞌebig kanɛ ka ba mɔr widi banꞌabi sʋꞌʋŋid ninsaal pʋtɛnꞌɛr yɔɔgir yela tiꞌebid zulɛbin banꞌas,  wan wʋ fʋ pʋtɛnꞌɛr yaꞌa an basaa, fʋ sʋnf yaꞌa sanꞌam, fʋ zug yaꞌa nwɛꞌɛ, fʋ itiŋ yaꞌa an linɛ ka fʋ pʋ gbanꞌa li gbin nɛ, nɛ banɛ ka siꞌelnam tiꞌaki ba nyɔvʋr pʋʋgin.[100] Ba mɛ mɔr widi bɛ sarega ni. Widi yaꞌa bɛ sarega la ni li sʋŋidi siꞌed pʋtɛnꞌɛr bɛꞌɛd, ba yaꞌa ti yi anina.[101]

Laꞌad

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi anɛ tʋʋma laꞌadi tis ninsaalibi maan laꞌadsiꞌeba bɛdigʋ hali pinꞌiligin sa, laꞌabanɛ ka ba pʋ dit wief la nii nɛ laꞌabanɛ bɛ wief la ni, o yaꞌa nan vʋe gba.

Laꞌabanɛ ka ba paamidi yit widi banɛ vʋe ni anɛ binꞌisim ka banɛ mɔri ba bɛdigʋ la ɛɛti laꞌasi li ka li miꞌig ka ba ka nɔki maal linɛ buon kumis.[55] Ba da mɔr wief ziim ka li anɛ diib bɛ Mongol nɛ nomadic buudi nam ni, ba da gɔs ka li anɛ dikanɛ maan niŋgbina ka ba na nyaŋi mɔri li kɛŋ ban waꞌae zinꞌig siꞌa wʋsa. Ban da nʋti ba mɛŋ widi ziim la da kɛ ka Mongols banꞌad widi yʋʋgid ka ba kɔꞌɔm pʋ zabida.[55] Tiim kanɛ ka ba buon Premarin la yinɛ ban laꞌas estrogens linɛ ka ba yis wief nyaꞌaŋ kanɛ mɔr pʋʋg ni, ka da an tiim kanɛ ka ba mɔri li nʋʋd hali ka li sʋŋidi maan ninsaal niŋgbina.[102] Wief zʋʋr la ba mɔri maan wiinsi tis kɔna buudi wan wʋʋ violin, viola, cello, nɛ double bass.[103]

Wief niꞌim anɛ diib tis ninsaalib nɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbidi ba taaba niꞌim maꞌa ka li kaꞌa zinaa. Yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin widi wan wʋʋ 5 million ka ba kuudi ɔnbid niꞌim.[104] Dunia zinꞌis bɛdigʋ ni, ba ɔnbid o niꞌim, amaa ka zinꞌig siꞌeba ka li an kisig nɛ ban na ɔnb wief,[105] ka ba an linɛ ka tɛŋsiꞌeba naꞌanyaꞌadib mɔri nyaꞌad naꞌam tɛŋ siꞌeba ni.[106] Ba mɔr widi gbana maan taꞌada, nuꞌupidiŋ, fuug gunir,[107] baseballs,[108] nɛ linɛ ka ba pid nuꞌug ka nyaan nwɛꞌɛd baseball la. Ba mɔr wief tafɛɛdi maan titabid ka ba buon animal glue la.[109] Ba mɔr wief kɔnba maan tʋʋma laꞌad.[110] Italian diib maalig zinꞌisin, ba mɔr wief kɔnbaʋg maal ka li pʋlim ka ba mɔri kʋnsit kurkur niꞌimi gɔsid ye li sanꞌam ya bɛ.[111] Asia  tɛŋin, laʋk anɛ ka ba buon saba yinɛ wief gbaʋŋ ni ka ba mɔri maan

kumis.[112]

Niŋgbina luos

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Tafeed

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ti ya'a ye ti pian' wief nɔba yɛla, ti na dɔlis ban yɛl si'el ye "nɔbir ya'a kae, wief kae"[113] Wief tafeet la pin'ilnɛ nɛ distal phalanges, dinɛ mɔr kpinnim nɛ ninsaal nu'ubil naarin bɛɛ nɔbbil naarin an si'em la ka mɔr cartilage nɛ laminae. Tafeeug la yiiŋ anɛ dinɛ nwɛnɛ iil ka ba nɔk keratin maalnɛ, din mɛ nwɛnɛ ninsaal nu'u-in'a.[114] Di lɛbisug la anɛ ye wief tɛbisim anɛ nwɛnɛ 500 kilograms (1,100 lb),[115] nwɛnɛ ninsaal kɔnbiri an si'em la nɔb-bibis naarin.[116] Ban bɔɔd ye ba gu' widi nɔba la zug, ba pidi ba sieba nɔba nɛ ta'ada. Tafeet la nɔbigidnɛ saŋa wusa ka di nar ye ba ɛɛnti gɔs ka kiesi di bakɔi anu kem paae anii saŋa wusa,[117] la'an nɛ banɛ bɛ mɔɔgun la tafeedi ɛɛnti nɔbigi ku'ug ka lɛm maligim nɔbug ya'as la.

Gɔsʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Widi anɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid mɔɔd, ka linɛ maani ba niŋgbina anɛ mɔɔg la ka ba ɔnbid la.[118] Ba tɔꞌɔn di diibpaam paŋ kanɛ bɛɛ ba niŋgbiŋin la buudi ayi paae ayiꞌ nɛ pʋsʋk kɔbiga pʋʋgin  (2% paae 2.5%) daar wʋsa. Linzug wief kanɛ tɛbisim paae 450-kilogram (990 lb) ka o an bʋnkʋdʋg na tɔꞌɔn di ka li paae 11 kilograms (24 lb) diib.[119] Saŋsiꞌeba, diib banɛ kpiꞌem wan wʋʋ biꞌelim anɛ linɛ ka ba paasidi tisidi ba ka kaꞌa mɔɔg la maꞌa nɛ, li kaskas anɛ bʋnkɔnbig la yaꞌa nan mɔr paŋ ka kpiꞌem.[120] Ba yaꞌa ɔnb biꞌelim, banɛ gɔsidi ba diib yela paꞌal ye li nar ka ba diib kanɛ ka ba dit pʋsʋk bɛɛ li gaad ala an mɔɔg, li nar ka o ɔnb mɔɔgi gaad dibanɛ bɛ.[121]

Widi bɔɔd kuom kanɛ an nyain bɛdigʋ, li yaꞌa pɔɔd siꞌem li nar ka li paae 38 paae 45 litres (10 paae 12 US galam) daar wʋsa.[122] Baa ban na nyaŋi gbɛnꞌɛ yiꞌiŋ la, ba bɔɔd sʋꞌak zinꞌig, lin na niŋ siꞌem ka sisiꞌem kʋ daami baa, fʋ tɔꞌɔn mɛ dɔɔg bili tisi ba bɛɛ dɔɔg titaꞌar mɛn.[123]

Wief bɔɔdim anɛ fʋn na gɔsidi ba tafɛɛd la saŋa wʋsa, ka kʋnsidi ba guꞌud banꞌas kɔnꞌɔbkɔnꞌɔb, ka banɛ gɔsid bʋnkɔnbid la gɔsi ba nyina bɛɛ nyina dʋꞌata.[124] Fʋ yaꞌa mɔri widi ka ba bɛ zinꞌig yinnɛ maꞌa li nar ka fʋ kɛt ka ba wisigidi ba niŋgbina saŋa wʋsa lin na niŋ siꞌem ka ba paam laafi nɛ pʋtɛnꞌɛr sʋŋ.[125] Fʋ yaꞌa gɔsidi ba nɛ yiꞌiŋ, li nar ye fʋ maal zinꞌig la sʋꞌʋŋa, ka mɛ zanguom guꞌ lɛbisd.[126] Fʋ yaꞌa gɔsi di li niŋgbiŋ la sʋʋdi li mɛ sʋŋid ka ba kɔnbilig la an sʋꞌʋŋa nɛ niŋgbaŋ la.[127]

Niŋtʋʋlim tiꞌakir

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ wai ni (2019), widi banɛ da bɛ dunia wʋsa da anɛ wan wʋʋ 17 million. Widi kpɛɛmnam la nar ka ba niŋtʋʋlim bɛn an 37.5 nɛ 38.5 °C (99.5 nɛ 101.3 °F) tɛnsʋk, ka ba laꞌan tɔꞌɔn bɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka tʋʋlig la an 5 nɛ 25 °C (41 nɛ 77 °F) tɛnsʋk. Amaa ba yaꞌa wisigi ba niŋgbina la galis, ba niŋtʋʋlim paasid 1 °C (1.8 °F) minute wʋsa pʋʋgin, bɔzugɔ paŋkanɛ yit widi la sanꞌan pisnii, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (80%) tisid nɛ niŋtʋʋlim.

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. 1 2 Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 630–631. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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