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Sibiti

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sibiti
Subclass ofinstitution, medical organization, medical facility, workplace, healthcare facility Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Facet ofhealth system Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Position held by head of the organizationhospital chief executive officer Dɛmisim gbɛlima
History of topichistory of hospitals Dɛmisim gbɛlima
EntitySchema for this classEntity schema not supported yet (E187), Entity schema not supported yet (E210), Entity schema not supported yet (E211) Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Merchant Category Code8062 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
NCI Thesaurus IDC16696 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🏥 Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Sibiti anɛ laafi lʋgʋr zin'ig kanɛ ka ba ti'ebid ban'ad nam nɛ laafi baŋisim kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb. Ba ti'ebidnɛ nɛ la'ad kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb.[1] Sibiti sʋŋ wusa mɔr lu'as bɛɛ dɔɔd nam.[2]

Sibiti nam paamid ligidi yitnɛ gɔmina nimma'asim tʋʋma zin'isin nimma'asim nwwae daaʋg gu' waad ni bɛɛ nimbanɛ sʋŋid ni. Labakʋda pa'al ye sibiti anɛ dinɛ ka pʋ'ʋsim dɔɔd da ɛɛnti pin'il ka yɔ ba sam bɛɛ di tun'e yi nimbanɛ sʋŋid nɛ tuon gatib ni na.[3]

Lu'as Nam

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Kpieʋŋ zin'ig bɛɛ Bakir Zin'ig. Lu'ak kaŋa anɛ zin'ig kanɛ ka ba ti'ebid ban' kpiema bɛɛ pakir ban' nam. Ban' banɛ ɛɛti muk hali ka li ka'a ye ba gu'us ba'a bi'ela la, zin'ig kan ka ba mɔri o sɔbi ken.[4]

Din pin'il siem

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Saŋa dinɛ gaad la, sibiti nam mɔr tuuma kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb lʋga nam ni .ba da anɛ sʋŋi zin'i tis tadim nam, gbɛɛsid tis saam bɛɛ zamisʋŋ zin'i."hospital" la yi nɛ Latin ni hospes, pa'an saan bɛɛ nid giŋgaŋ kanɛ an saan. Yʋ'ʋr paal kanɛ lɛm pa'as anɛ, hospitium kanɛ tina pa'an sʋm yɛla, saam kpinim nɛ la'adnam, sum yɛla, zɔɔd nɛ zin'i sum. Di kpinim nii, Latin la Tina pa'an nɛ yɛ saan gbɛsid, saan zin'i, an inn.[5] Hospes an di nya'ad tis na'asal buolʋg host (zin'ig kanɛ ka ba yis p la bas yɛ li buolʋg an na'anna ) hospitality, hospice, hostel, nɛ hotel. Buolʋg kanɛ bɛ nanana yit Latin dɔlisid Old French romance pian'ad hostel, kanɛ mɔr s vuud la ka li pʋ yita, kanɛ ka ba yis la nyain bɛ pian'ad la ni, dinɛ yi la zug pian'ad la bɛ nɛ susʋŋ bɛ French word hôtel. Ka German pian'ad mɛ mɔri din sɛŋ siem la ka di nwɛn .

Buudinam

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ban' nam sieba kɛn sibiti nam ni gɔsid ba mɛŋ, tɛ'ɛbit ba mɛŋ bɛɛ therapy ka nɛ ba kʋn ("outpatients") ka pʋ gbɛɛnda ; ka sieba mɛ gbɛɛnd ka bɛ yu'uŋ la wʋsa bɛɛ dabisa bɛɛ bakɔi bɛɛ nwadis ("banɛ ka ba ti'eb ka bas"). Sibiti nam bɛ nɛ kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb kat wa'ae ba bɛdim nɛ an siem laafi bɛlim ni, sieba nyaŋi di'er ban' nam bɛdigʋ digin ka gɔsidi ba, ka sieba mɛ an sibiti bibis kanɛ ka ti buon ye sibiti bibis.

Sapu'ad zin'ig.

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Zin'ig kaŋa anɛ lu'ak kanɛ ka ba ti'ebid nidib banɛ paam sapu'ad nam.

Sibiti nam sieba anɛ gɔmma din ka sieba mɛ an asʋ'ʋ-m-mɛŋ din. Gɔmma sibiti nam wusa tʋmmi nɛ Anwaae daag gu'u waad.[6]

Sibiti nam banɛ mɔr baŋir hali sieba anɛ trauma center nam, yaan sibiti nam, biis sibiti nam, kpɛɛmnam sibiti nam, nɛ sibiti banɛ mɔr tiꞌebυg linɛ bɛ li kɔnꞌ, banɛ sieba anɛ zulɛbin nam sibiti nam linɛ tiꞌebid banɛ zugu fɛndig nɛ wiim sieba nam. Sibiti nam banɛ mɔr baŋir tituaa la sυŋiri sied tiꞌebυg sam yɔɔb ka li pυ nwɛn wυυ sibiti banɛ kpɛlim laa. (2) Sibiti nam pυnɛ gυn-gυn dɔlnɛ banɛ tiꞌebid tiꞌebυg wυsa, banɛ mɔr miꞌilim gυn, bɛɛ banɛ gυr ligidi linɛ yit gɔmina sanꞌan. [7] 

Ti mɛ mɔr sibiti banɛ sυŋidi zamisid linɛ zamisid nidib kati waꞌae laafi bɛllim yɛla sakur bibis banɛ zamisid laafi bɛllim yela. Ti mɔr sibiti bibis nɛ sibiti bɛda linɛ ka ba buon ye clinic la. Sibiti bɛda mɔr tiꞌebυg dɔɔd ziꞌes sieba wυυ (titυυnli, perisin dɔɔg, nɛ yɛl-diꞌedim dɔɔg) nɛ baŋir ziꞌes wυυ kɔnba dɔɔg. Sibiti sieba mɔr dɔɔd sieba tisid banꞌanam banɛ ka ba yisi ba mɛŋ ka sieba mɛ tiꞌebυg sυŋ dɔɔg zinꞌig. Ziꞌibanɛ mɛ sυŋid tituaa anɛ tiim dɔɔd, ziꞌibanɛ tiꞌebid bunvυla.

Sibiti nam bɛdigυ anɛ linɛ an teŋim bun, ti mɔr sibiti banɛ mɛꞌ n iaad ligidi, ti mɛ health insurance company nam.

Banɛ tiebid wima bɛdigʋ ka sʋŋid banꞌadnam

Sibiti banɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ mi zina anɛ sibit banɛ ka sɔꞌ wʋsa na nyaŋi kɛŋ die tiebig anina, ka ba mɛ buoni ba yɛ sibiti banɛ banꞌas bɛdigʋ saŋa biela . sibiti bama tiebid banꞌas nɛ sapʋad kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb, ka mɔr banɛ bɛ vʋm nɛ kʋm tɛnsʋk dɔɔdi gɔsidiba tɔꞌɔtɔꞌ (ba buoni ba saŋsieba ye “sapʋad nɛ banɛ bɔɔd tiebig zin'ig") sʋnsaꞌaŋ dim zinꞌig ka ba tʋʋma anɛ ba tieb banɛ bɛ kʋm nɛ vʋm pʋʋgini bɔɔd tiebig tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ la ka li da taꞌasba kʋm. Tɛŋpʋʋg titada mɔr sibiti nam bɛdigʋ ka ba yaliŋ nɛ ba tʋʋma laꞌad la pʋ zɛm taabaa. Sibiti sieba, li kas-kas banɛ bɛ United States nɛ Canada sʋꞌʋlim nam, mɔri ba banꞌadnam lɔnam.

District

District sibiti anɛ laafi dɔɔd banɛ bɛ region ban pʋʋgin, mɔr banꞌadnam gadis bɛdigʋ tiebid banɛ bɔɔd tiebig tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ nɛ banɛ ka li nar yɛ ba digiliba dabisa ka tiebi ba wʋsa.

California tɛnpʋʋgin, "district hospital" anɛ sibiti banɛ da kɛna World War II nyaꞌaŋ la ye ba sʋŋ ka banꞌadnam nyɛ gadisi digin, bɔzʋgɔ, tɛnkpɛmisin sibitinamin la gadis da pɛꞌɛlnɛ.[8][9] Baa zina nwaa, district sibitinam anɛ gɔmɛna sʋꞌʋe ba bɛnɛ tɛnꞌɛs piiga nɛ awai (19) banɛ bɛ California sʋꞌʋlim ni la,[8] ka sibiti bibis nam awai (9) mɛ bɛ ba tɛnkpɛmisin ka sibitinam gaad yinnɛ bɛ tɛnpʋʋs la baba.[8] sibitinam pisi nɛ anii (Twenty-eight) banɛ bɛ California tɛnkpɛmisin nɛ sibitinam pisi (20) banɛ ka ba na nyaŋi zɔ paae tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ, anɛ district sibitinam.[9] municipalities la laꞌasi mɛɛ ba, ka mɔr kpɛɛmnam banɛ ka tɛŋ la dim gaŋi ba ye ba zieni ba nɔba zʋgʋ gaadi ba tuoni gɔsi ba yɛla.[8][9] ba anɛ banɛ tiebid banꞌadnam banɛ pʋ mɔr a­waae daag gʋꞌʋ waad gbana nɛ banꞌadnam banɛ paas sʋŋir kanɛ ka ba buon Medi-Cal (dinɛ an California Medicaid sʋŋir kanɛ bɛɛ tis banɛ an nɔŋ dim, bʋnkʋda, banɛ mɔr wintadimis, biis banɛ kaꞌ dʋadiba, nɛ pʋapʋʋs).[8][9] yʋʋm tusayiꞌ, nɛ piinɛ ayiꞌ (2012), district sibitinam la da tis naꞌasaatɛŋ ligidi $54 million nɔŋ dim la yɛla California sʋꞌʋlim.[9]

Banɛ bɛi ba kɔnꞌɔ

Sibiti banɛ bɛi ba kɔnꞌɔ anɛ sibiti banɛ ka ba tʋʋma anɛ ba tieb wisieba ka kaꞌa wiima wʋsaa.[10] sibitibama sieba anɛ sibiti banɛ lɛbisit banꞌad pʋtɛnꞌɛr, biis sibitinam, kpɛɛmnam sibitinam, sibiti banɛ tiebid banꞌadnam kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb nɛ sibiti banɛ gɔsid wisieba bɛn, wʋʋ zulɛbin banꞌas, dindiig banꞌas, sʋsʋnya banꞌas, kɔnba banꞌas, nɛ banꞌa banɛ paas.

Germany tɛŋin, ba buon sibiti bama ye Fachkrankenhaus; li yinnɛ anɛ Fachkrankenhaus Coswig (nyaꞌaŋ kɔnbir tiebig). India sʋꞌʋlim, ban buon sibitibama nɛ ye super-specialty hospitals ka di paꞌal ye ba bɛɛ ba kɔnꞌ nɛ sibiti banɛ tiebid banꞌas wʋsa la.[citation needed]

Sibiti banɛ bɛɛ ba kɔnꞌɔ ka tiebid banꞌa yinnɛ maꞌa la an sʋm, fʋ yaꞌa mak ban nɛ banɛ tiebid banꞌas wʋsa la, banꞌa yinnɛ sibitinam la sam sɔnꞌɔe. Titʋʋni ni, Narayana Health' sʋsʋnya banꞌas sibiti dɔɔg la bɛ Bangalore la mɔr baŋir nɛ sʋsʋnya banꞌas tiebig ni, ka dinɛ kɛt ka ba nyaŋidi tiebid banꞌadnam bɛdigʋ. Sibiti kan mɔr banꞌadnam gadis tusa atanꞌ (3,000) ka mɛ tiebid banꞌadnam banɛ mɔr sʋsʋnya banꞌas ban tʋsa a tanꞌ (3,000) yʋʋm pʋʋgin, anina ka ba tiebid nidib bɛdigʋ gati ba taaba dunia wʋsa. [4][11] dʋaꞌta nam la diesid nɛ ba nwadig yɔɔd bɛn ka kaꞌ nɛ ba kaanl ban tieb ninsieba ka yɔɔba, di paꞌal ye nidib yaꞌa zuoe nɛ siem, sibiti kan ni mɔr nyɔɔd ka sam mɛ sie.[11] dʋaꞌta yinnɛ wʋsa na tɔnꞌe gɔs o tʋʋma bɛnni tʋm wʋʋ banɛ maan laꞌadi tʋm siem la.

Teaching

Teaching hospital dim tisidne banꞌadnam laafi  ka mɛ lɛn zamisid sakur biis banɛ bɔɔd ye ba tʋm sibiti ni wɛn wʋʋ nɛɛsnam. Li tʋnꞌe  taꞌal nɛ tima zamisʋg sakur bɛɛ nɛɛsnam zamisʋg sakur, ka li tʋnꞌe paas nɛ tima vɛɛnsʋg. sakur biis tʋnꞌe mɛ gɔsid sibiti tʋʋma yela bɛ sibiti la ni.[12]

Sibiti bibis

Sibiti bibis tisidnɛ banꞌad banɛ ka ba pʋ digili ba maa tʋʋma, amaa siꞌeba tunꞌe mɔr banꞌad banɛ ka ba digili ba gadis biꞌela nɛ saŋa biꞌela tisidi ba be sibiti la ni.

Sibiti dɔɔd nɛ ba dɔbibis

Sibiti wʋsa mɔr dɔɔg yinnɛ bɛɛ bɛdigʋ ka anina ka banꞌadnam gadis bɛi banꞌadnam la. Ba mɛ tɔnꞌe mɔr dɔɔd sieba wʋʋ sapʋat zinꞌig, ningbiŋ sɛnꞌɛb zinꞌig, zinꞌig kanɛ ka na gɔsid banꞌadnam wʋsa, nɛ dɔɔd nam kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb banɛ mɔr tʋʋma kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb. Tʋmtʋmnib mɛ bɛi tʋm tiim dɔɔdin, fɔɔtɔ laꞌad dɔɔdin, wiima nɛ sapʋat dɔɔdin nɛ vɛnꞌɛsʋg dɔɔdin. Sibiti sieba mɛ tiebid banꞌadnam, ka li kaꞌ ye ba gbɛꞌ sibiti la nii nie bɛʋgɔ, ka din sieba anɛ ban na gɔs banꞌad itiŋ yɛla zinꞌis, yinna tiebig zinꞌis nɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka ba gɔsid banꞌad pʋtɛnꞌɛri da digin banꞌalim ka o kʋl o yin yɛla.

Sibiti mɛ tɔnꞌe mɔr nɛɛs nam zinꞌig ka ba kpɛɛm an chief nursing officer bɛɛ director of nursing. Bama tʋʋma ane ye ba gɔs ka nɛɛs nam tʋmi ba tʋʋma din nar siem, ka vɛnꞌɛs vɛnꞌɛsa, ka gɔs wada sʋma tis sibiti la.

Sibitinam sieba mɔr lʋga nam ka ba kpɛɛmnam an nɛɛsnam nɛ medical director ka ba tʋmmi ba tʋʋma nam bɛdigʋ ba zinꞌisin. Fʋ yaꞌa kpɛꞌ zinꞌig kanɛ ka ba gɔsid sapʋat nɛ wibɛda la medical director gɔsid anina tʋʋma, amaa nursing manager tʋʋm anɛ o gɔsid nɛɛsnam la nɛ ba tʋʋma.

Tʋmtʋmnib banɛ paasi sʋŋid la sieba anɛ gbaŋ sɔbidib zinꞌis, sibiti labaya zinꞌis, banɛ gɔsid sibiti laꞌad zinꞌig, banɛ gɔsid diib zinꞌis, banɛ gɔsid aziꞌin baanlim zinꞌis nɛ bani kpɛlim wʋsas.

Bɛ lalli ka gɔsid banꞌadnam

COVID-19  wikanɛ da paae dunia wʋsa la da kɛ ka nidib yaꞌ kilim sibiti nam ka sibiti tʋmtʋmnib naanit sibiti ni tiebidi ba yaan la bɛnɛ British NHS. Ba da bas banꞌadnami ba yaan ka kɛnni gɔsidi ba anina, ka gɔsidi ba mɛŋ vʋꞌʋsʋm bɛn nɛ vʋꞌʋsʋm laꞌad saŋa kanɛ nar ka telephone sʋŋidi ba ka ba sɔnsid nɛ dʋaꞌtanam. West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust daa gɔsid nɛ banꞌadnam wʋʋ tʋsir nɛ kɔbisyiꞌ (1200) ba mɛŋ yaan din da yi yʋʋm tʋsayiꞌ, nɛ pisi la nwadis atanꞌ la nii kɛŋ paae ayʋɔbʋ la ni (March and June 2020) ka gbaꞌae ye ba na tʋm ala COVID-19 nyaꞌaŋ, sʋŋnɛ banɛ mɔr vʋꞌʋsʋm banꞌas yiiga.[13] Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust da pinꞌili gɔsid banꞌadnam yaan COVID yɛla nɛ yʋʋm tusayiꞌ, nɛ pisi la nwadis anaasi (April 2020) la n. Nwaꞌ da kɛ ya ka ba nyaŋi gɔs banꞌadnam ka ba gaad nidib tusa anuꞌ (5000) ba mɛŋ yaan. Laꞌa sieba da sʋŋ ka nɛɛsnam bɛɛ banɛ gɔsid banꞌadnam la bɛɛ banꞌadnam la mɛŋ nyaŋi baŋi ba laafi bɛnni zɛm siem wʋʋ ba vʋꞌʋsʋm bɛn makir, nɛ  mak banɛ kpɛlim.[14]

Laba kʋda

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Yiiga tituuni

Teŋ kanɛ yʋꞌʋri buon India la, Fa Xian, da anɛ Chinese Buddhist monk one da tuꞌ suori lɔꞌɔŋ India c. AD 400 saŋa, sob tiebʋg zinꞌis kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb gbana ni.[15] Gbaŋ kanɛ buon Mahavamsa, ka anɛ of Sinhalese royalty gbaŋ kʋdʋg, dine ka ba da sobi li sixth century AD  la paꞌal ye, Naꞌab Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka (r. 437–367 BC) da bɛnꞌɛ digin yin nɛ sibiti ni (Sivikasotthi-Sala).[16] sibiti ne  medical training center mɛ da bɛ Gundeshapur, tɛnpʋʋg titaꞌar dine da bɛ yadagɔbʋg-tuon Sassanid Persian Empire dinɛ da pinꞌil AD 271 yine Shapur I ni na la.[17] teŋkʋdʋg ancient Greece, winpʋꞌʋs dɔbanɛ ka ba da mɛ tisnɛ winkanɛ ti'ebid ka ba da buon ye Asclepius, bɛɛ Asclepeion da anɛ zinꞌis banɛ ka soꞌ na nyaŋi kɛŋ nyɛ laafi saꞌalʋg nɛ o niŋgbina ti'ebʋg.[18] Asclepeia nwaꞌ da yadigi paae Roman Empire. Gomena sibiti nami da kae Roman Empire la, sogianam sibiti nam dinɛ ka ba buon valetudinaria da bɛ ka ba ti'ebid soogia nam nɛ yammisi ba zinꞌigin la.[19] Kaseta bɛɛ paꞌal ye asʋꞌʋ-m-mɛŋ sibiti nam da bɛ ka li da anɛ zak banɛ da an kpanꞌa nam la da mɛɛd teŋ la kukpeŋ ka li da an zak ban din, amaa, ba da bas tʋʋm kaŋa ne 80 AD.[20]

Sʋʋgin yʋma

Ban da pinꞌil ye Kristo pʋꞌʋsum anɛ winpʋꞌʋs kanɛ ka Roman Empire siak ka die la, da ke ka sibiti nam nɔbʋg.[21] First Council of Nicaea nyaꞌaŋ AD 325, ba da pinꞌili mɛɛd sibiti nam wina'am pʋꞌʋsʋg dɔɔg wʋsa ni, li da dolne Saint Sampson onɛ bɛ Constantinople nɛ Basil, bishop of Caesarea linɛ an Turkey zina la.[22] yʋʋm tusa piiga saŋa la, Constantinople da mɔr sibiti suma ayiꞌ, ka duꞌata nam la an pʋab nɛ dab wʋsa. Ban da mɔr laꞌasuma sieba an tiebig laꞌad nɛ dɔɔd kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔbi tiꞌebid banꞌas kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb.[23]

Yiiga sibiti titaꞌar kanɛ da bɛ Islam winpʋ'ʋsidib teŋin da mɛ nɛ yuum Kɔbis nii nɛ anu (805) Baghdad teŋin, ka onɛ da mɛɛ di an Harun Al-Rashid.[24][25] 10th century saŋa la, Baghdad da mɔr sibiti nam anu, ka Damascus mɔr ayuobʋ 15th century saŋa, ka Córdoba maꞌa mɔr sibiti titada pisnu (50) ka ba bɛdigʋ anɛ soogianam sibiti. Islamic bimaristan da anɛ ti'ebʋg zinꞌig, ka len an biis dʋ'asug nɛ banɛ mɔr gɛɛmis banꞌas ti'ebʋg zinꞌig. Di yɛlkpan da anɛ ye ba tieb nɔŋ dim, bɔzugɔ, kpanꞌa dim la da mɔr sibiti nami ba yaan. li da siꞌiŋ ne saŋkan ka duata nam pinꞌili diesid tuuma gbaŋ.[26][27] sibiti da pu mɔr suor ka ba zanꞌas sɔꞌ tiꞌebig ye o kulim, on pʋ mɔr ligidi la yɛlaa.[28] Gomɛna da sʋŋid sibiti ban ligidi yɛla, nɛ lʋgir kanɛ buon waqfs la.[29]

India teŋin, gomena sibiti nam da bɛ hali Firuz Shah Tughlaq naꞌam diib saŋa 14th century saŋa la. Mughal naꞌab Jahangir yuum tusa piiga nɛ ayɔpoi la (17th century) da mɛ sibitinam tenpʋtitada ni ka gomɛna yɔɔdi ba nwadig yɔɔd nɛ ba tima ligidi.[30]

China  teŋin, Song Dynasty saŋa la, gomena da pinꞌili gɔsid nidib suŋir yɛla dine ka Buddhist monasteries da pun maan la ka lɛn mɛꞌ sibitinam nɛ tiim dɔɔd bɛdigʋ.[31]

Yiiga tiakir nɛ Eyrope nini nier

Europe teŋinɛɛ, medieval yɛl siꞌem Kristo biis pʋꞌʋsim yɛla da tiaknɛ din yi 16th nɛ 17th Century nam la ni yʋꞌʋn lieb dinɛ an secular. England teŋin mɛnɛ, Naꞌab Henry anɛ paasi anii daani da widig manoasteries yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi (1540) ni la n, karindɔɔg la guꞌoeya ka pʋ lɛn sʋŋid sibiti nam yaꞌasa, ka ba da pʋ siakɛ da an nimbanɛ bɛ London, sibiti banɛ da paamid sʋŋir anɛ St Bartholomew's, St Thomas's nɛ St Mary of Bethlehem's (Bedlam) banɛ da kpiꞌe nɛ Naꞌam zupigig la, nɛꞌɛŋa da an yiiga ka sibiti nam la da nyɛ sʋŋiri yi nidib ni.

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ pisnii nɛ ayi (1682) la ni, Charles onɛ paasi ayi daan la da pinꞌil Royal Hospital Chelsea ka di an vʋꞌʋsʋg yiri tis Soogia banɛ yi Chelsea Pensioners ka yʋꞌʋn naae ba gɔmina tʋʋma ka kul yin ye ba vʋꞌʋs la, d zinꞌikanɛ ka ba da nɔk “sibiti ka di paꞌal ye sʋŋir yir.[32] Yʋma piiga nyaꞌaŋ ka Mary onɛ paasi ayi daan la mɛ da pinꞌil Royal Hospital for Seamen, dinɛ da bɛ Greenwich, ye o pʋtɛnꞌɛkan nɔɔ yɛla.[33]

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ pisi la ni ka ba da mɛ Guy's Hospital bɛ London, sibiti kanɛ an yiiga ka nidib nɔki ba pʋtɛnda laꞌas taaba mɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisi nɛ anaasi (1724) la ni ka di an Ruins tis Hospital San Nicolás de Bari dinɛ bɛ Santo Domingo, bɛ Dominican Republic, ka UNESCO da nyɛ ka di an sibiti kʋdʋg tis America dim.[34][35] Ba da mɛɛ linɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ piini anaasi (1514) nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi nɛ yinne (1541) la ni. Pennsylvania Hospital (dinɛ yʋꞌʋm paas University of Pennsylvania nimmaꞌasim yɛla ni la).[36][37] Di da pinꞌilnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ yinne (1751) la ni, dinɛ an yiiga gɔmina sibiti ka ba da yɔꞌɔg bɛ United States. Di mɛ lɛn anɛ zinꞌikanɛ ka America yiiga amphitheatre opiresin da bɛ ka lɛn an yiiga tima buorʋg.

Alaꞌasi yɔꞌɔg sibiti dim ka di yʋꞌʋr an voluntary hospital movement la da pinꞌilnɛ 18th Century la ni ka da pinꞌli mɛ sibiti nam yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisi (1720) la ni, laꞌanɛ Westminster Hospital (1719) ka private bank C. Hoare & Co da sʋŋi di  nɛ Guy's Hospital (1724) dinɛ ka arezak daan, Thomas Guy da nɔki di sam la.

Ba da mɛ sibit sieba mɛn London nɛ British tensieba, ka asʋꞌʋ-m-mɛŋ dim da yɔ ɔ ba sieba sam bɛdigʋ. St Bartholomew sibiti kanɛ bɛ London, ba da maligim mɛɛ li yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pistan (1730) ti paae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ awai (1759) la ni,[38] ka London Hospital la, Whitechapel, dim da yɔꞌɔgi di yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ ayi (1752) la ni.

Sibiti bama da ziꞌeni tis lʋgʋr la; ba da pinꞌili tiakid yit nimmaꞌasim zinꞌigi keŋ zinꞌibanɛ ka ba zamisid ka paꞌan nidib ka ba liebid nimmaꞌasim tʋntʋnnib. Nintitada banɛ mɔr miꞌilim da dɔlisid ani kɛt ka nidib paamid baŋir mɛn.[39] Ba mɛ da nɔbʋgi yi vʋꞌʋsʋg ya lieb zinꞌibanɛ ka ba tsid baŋir ka tiꞌebid banꞌas buudi wʋsa. Frederick onɛ gaad tuon ka yi Prussia la da pinꞌil Charité bɛnɛ Berlin yʋʋm tʋsir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ piiga (1710) la ni ye ba tiꞌeb banꞌakanɛ da gbirigi kena la.

Sibiti banɛ ka nidib da ɛɛnti laꞌasi yɔꞌɔg yʋꞌʋn da widigi gilig Colonial America; Bellevue Hospital dinɛ bɛ New York City la da yɔꞌɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisntan nɛ ayuobʋ (1736), da pinꞌili anɛ tʋʋma yir ka yuolim kiim sibiti; Pennsylvania Hospital dinɛ bɛ Philadelphia la da yɔꞌɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ ayi (1752) la ni, New York Hospital, ka ba yʋꞌʋm buon ye Weill Cornell Medical Center[40] dinɛ bɛ New York City la mɛ da yɔꞌɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ yinne (1771) la ni, ka Massachusetts General Hospital dinɛ bɛ Boston la da pinꞌil yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ piinɛ yinne (1811) la ni.

Vienna General Hospital da yɔꞌɔg yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ anaasi (1784) la ni ye di an dunia wʋsa sibiti, zinꞌikanɛ ka banɛ bɔɔd ye ba zamis nimmaꞌasim tʋʋma yɛla na nyaŋi maali ba vɛɛnsʋg sʋꞌʋŋa.[41]

Nini nier saŋa nɛ tiakir yinne kena mɛ anɛ; bama da tiꞌebid banɛ an tadimnam ka laafi kae la zaalim ka ba pʋ yɔɔd siꞌela. London Dispensary da yɔꞌɔgnɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ piswai nɛ ayuobʋ (1696) la ni ka di an yiiga sibiti bil tis British Empire. Pʋtɛnꞌkaŋa da pʋ nie tɔꞌ ti paae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi (1770) saŋa,[42] ka laꞌasbama buudi da pinꞌili niedna la, laꞌanɛ Public Dispensary dinɛ bɛ Edinburgh (ka ba da mɛ yʋʋm tusir, kbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi (1776) la ni), Metropolitan Dispensary nɛ Charitable Fund (ka ba da maal yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ awai (1779) la ni) nɛ Finsbury Dispensary (ka ba da pinꞌil yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii (1780) ni la). Ba yʋꞌʋn da yɔꞌɔs tima dɔɔd bɛ New York yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ yinne (1771) la ni, Philadelphia yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ ayuobʋ (1786) la ni, nɛ Boston yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ piswai nɛ ayuobʋ (1796) la ni.[43]

Royal Naval Hospital, Stonehouse, Plymouth, da yɔꞌɔg suor ka ba yʋꞌʋm pinꞌili mɛɛd sʋga sibiti nam ni ye di sʋŋi sie banꞌasi lɔmisid siꞌem. John Wesley da kaae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ anu (1785), ka yɛl ye "M nan ziꞌi nyɛ nɛꞌ buudi zinꞌisiꞌa ka di an mummi; luos la wʋsa anɛ nyain, ka sɔꞌ yaꞌa nyɛ di o kʋkɔr bɛɛ di ni. " Tiakir maalkaŋa da kɛ ka nidib maligim baŋ John Howard onɛ sʋŋid nidib la bɛdigʋ. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ ayɔpɔ (1787) la ni ka French gɔmina da tʋm gbammiꞌidib ayi ye ba an tuon gatib, Coulomb nɛ Tenon, banɛ da kaae sibiti nam bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Europe.[44] Ba sunya da maꞌaeya nɛ ban nyɛ sʋga la ka ba da maal siꞌem tʋꞌas dinɛ bɛ France la nɛ Europe wʋsa.

19th century

Na'asaatɛŋ duaꞌta, onɛ yʋ'ʋri buon Thomas Percival yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnaasi (1740) paae yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ anaasi(1804) da sɔb duaꞌtanam tʋʋma nɛ ba itima nar ye ba an si'em, Medical Ethics; bɛɛ  duaꞌtanam wadaor, wada banɛ da bɛ tisnɛ duaꞌta banɛ gɔsid tima yɛla nɛ duaꞌta banɛ nwaꞌasid ka sɛnꞌɛd ninsaal ningbina yʋʋm  tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ atanꞌa la(1803), ka ba da pinꞌili sɔb gbana ni.[45] Yʋʋm tusir, piinɛ awai (19th century), sibitinam nɛ ba tʋmtʋmnib da pinꞌili mɔr tʋʋma gbaŋ, ka sibiti ni kpɛnꞌɛb yʋꞌʋn mɔr wada bɛdigʋb, ka kpɛŋ kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb. Apothecaries Act 1815 wada da kɛ ka li an yɛlkpan ye banɛ zamisid duaꞌta tʋʋma tʋm tis gɔmɛna yʋm tis gɔmɛna yʋʋm pʋsʋk bɛɛ li gaad ala, ka li paas nɛ ba zamisʋg pʋʋgin.[46]

Florence Nightingale da an one gaad tuoni gɔs duaꞌtanam zamisig yɛla Crimean War saŋa, ka li da anɛ titʋʋni paꞌal nimbaanlzɔɔr, a-pɛsigim-mɛŋi sʋŋ banꞌadnam, ka sibitinam yʋꞌʋn mɔr sibiti kpɛɛmnam kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb. Sakur kanɛ da pinꞌili paꞌan duaꞌtanam bɛɛ nɛɛsnam ka ba buon, Nightingale sakur kanɛ an nɛɛsnam din la, da yɔꞌɔg nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ pisyuobʋ (1860), ka ba yɛlkpan an ye ba paꞌal nɛɛnam la ka ba tʋm sibitinam ni, ka mɛ paꞌal banɛ an nɔŋ dim la.[47] Nightingale da sit nyaŋi tiak sibitinami da an siem la, li da sʋŋ nyain bɛilim yela, ka mɛ tiak nidib pʋtɛnda da an ye sibiti ni anɛ kʋʋm zinꞌig la ka ba baŋ ye ba lɛɛ anɛ laafi nyɛɛb zinꞌig. O da lɛn sʋŋ ka ba nɔk banꞌadnam kanl ka di nar, bɔzʋgɔ, dinɛ na kɛ ka ba baŋ banꞌadnam banɛ nyɛ laafi dɔlisid tiebig kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb ni. Nwaꞌa da kɛ ya ka sibitinam nyɛ tiakir bɛdigʋ.[48]

Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai (19th century) naar la, sibiti bɛda la da pinꞌil nɛ nɔbigit, ka gɔmɛna sibitinam bɛ ka a-sʋʋm-mɛŋ sibitinam mɛ kɛna kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi saŋa la (1870s), sibitinam da mɔr paŋ kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi gɔs banꞌadnam abʋnaasi gaad yiigin ka ba da na nyaŋi gɔs nɛ banꞌadnam tusa atanꞌ (3,000) maꞌa la. Tengbaŋ titaꞌar linɛ am Europe la, ba da mɛ sibiti paala, tɛŋ la nidib sʋŋi ba nɛ ligidi. National Health Service, banɛ an lʋgʋr titaꞌar kanɛ gɔsid laafi yela bɛ United Kingdom, da pinꞌil nɛ yuum tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anii (1948). Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai la (nineteenth century), dʋaꞌtanam sakur kanɛ tial ayiꞌ ka ba buon Viennese Medical School da kɛna sʋŋ dʋꞌtanam bɛdigʋ ka ba sieba an Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Josef Škoda, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, nɛ Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Dinɛ lɛn paas yaas anɛ yiiga ka ba zamis dʋaꞌtanam ka ba gɔsid nini, nyɔnya, nɛ kʋkɔya wimanam yɛla nɛ ba sibiti dɔɔd da pinꞌili bɛ Vienna, ka nidib gɔs ka ye anina ka tima nɛ di kaꞌabuudi yina.[49]

20th century nɛ di nyaꞌaŋ

Sankanɛ ka sumbʋgʋsʋm bɛ, sibiti nam an zanbina. 'H' piel ka di nyaꞌaŋ la wʋsa an bʋlʋ an dinɛ ka ba mɔri paꞌan sibiti bɛ United States. Soogia nam zaba saŋa, ba ɛɛnti nɔknɛ dapuuda zɛnꞌɛg, red crescent bɛɛ red crystal dɔlisid ziꞌesim kanɛ bɛ Geneva Conventions ni.

19th century nɛ 20th century nam pinꞌilʋgin, tiakir nimmaꞌasim yɛla nwɛnɛ anesthesia nɛ sterile suobanɛ ka ba dɔlisid maan opiresin pʋ lɛm mɔr daʋŋ bɛdigʋ yaꞌasa, yaꞌasa masin banɛ mɔri paꞌan banꞌasi yi zinꞌisiꞌa nwɛnɛ X-ray nam bɛ zinꞌis bɛdigʋ, ka kɛ ka sibiti nam yʋꞌʋn mɔr kʋkɔr tiꞌebʋgʋ an naꞌana la zug.[50]

Yʋʋm lɛbigir sibiti nam makid ziꞌesim nam bɛdigʋ nwɛnɛ ban na nyaŋi nɔk nidib siꞌem, sankanɛ ka ba na gbɛnꞌ sibiti la ni bɛn, sankanɛ ka duꞌata na tꞌebi ba, banꞌadnam na paam ban bɔɔd siꞌel ka di siaki ba, duꞌata tʋʋma, ban na lɛn diꞌe banꞌadi digil yaꞌas, banꞌadbanɛ gbɛɛnd sibiti la ni ka maal kaꞌalim kanl, nɛ yɛla kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb.[51]

United States ni, sibiti nam yʋꞌʋn da nɔbʋgya hali paae di bɛn yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinne (1981) la ni ka ba da digil nidib  kɔbʋga nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ yinne (171) America dim nidib tusir yinne (1,000) pʋʋgin nɛ sibiti nam tusa ayuobʋ, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan nɛ atan (6,933).[50] Nɛꞌ da fɛndigya sie ka nimbanɛ ka ba da diꞌesid digin sibiti ni da sie gaad nwɛnɛ piiga kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10%) ka sibiti banɛ da bɛ US la sie yi Tusa ayuobʋ, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan nɛ atan (6,933) yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinne (1981) la ni keŋ Tusa anu, kɔbisnu nɛ pistan nɛ anaasi (5,534) yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ (2016) la ni.[52] Ba da gbɛɛndi ani la da sie nwɛnɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ ayɔpɔi kɔbiga pʋʋgin (77%) yʋʋm tusir kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii (1980) la ni lɛb pisyuobʋ kɔbiga pʋʋgin (60%) yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ atan (2013) la ni.[53]

Yɛlbama zug taꞌas ka sibiti nam pɛꞌɛl zinꞌig wʋsa laꞌanɛ nidib yaan bɛɛ duꞌata ɔfis nam ni ka sibiti nam pʋ lɛn ziꞌe wʋrʋgin ka nidib[50][54] nyɛt nɛ ba nini. US nii, banꞌad tunꞌe gbɛnꞌ sibiti gadʋg zug ka ba lɛɛ pʋ diꞌe o digilɛ ka lɛɛ gɔsid o.[55]

U.S. nii, banꞌadnam banɛ ka ba digil la Medicare Part A ɛɛnti sʋꞌoe ba sa, amaa sibiti la mɛ tunꞌe digil sɔꞌ ye ba gɔs o ka Medicare Part B sʋꞌʋe sam kan, ka kɛ ka banꞌad la sam ligidi paas.[55] Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ atan (2013) la ni, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) da pinꞌil "two-midnight" wada tis banaꞌabanɛ ka ba digili ba sibiti la ni,[56] ye ba sie nidibi na kena zuꞌoe sibiti la ni ka ba mɔr ligidbanɛ pʋʋd.[55]  Ba da bas wadkaŋa yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ anii (2018) la ni.[56] Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ (2016) nɛ yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayɔpɔi (2017) la ni, nimmaꞌasim yɛla da tiakya hali ka nidib banɛ ken ka ba digini ba kanl sie hali ka dinzug ka US sibiti nam la da pʋ lɛm mɔr ligidi yaꞌasa.[57] Sibiti bibis banɛ mɔr gadis nwɛnɛ anii keŋ paae piinɛ anu, yʋꞌʋn nɔbʋgʋdi paasid bɛ United States.[58] Alamɛnɛ, dɔbanɛ ka ba na nɔk banɛ banꞌasi wʋmi ba kpɛnꞌɛs ka digili ba yʋꞌʋn da paam nuꞌug yʋʋm tusir, nɛ kɔbisyɔpɔi la saŋa (1970)[59] ka din yi sankana di yaligya ka widigi gilig United States wʋsa.[59]

Catholic Church an asʋꞌʋ-m-ɛŋ lʋgʋr kanɛ mɛ nimmaꞌasim zinꞌis bɛdigʋ dunia wʋsa ni.[60] Di mɔr nimmaꞌasim zinꞌis nwɛnɛ sibiti bibis Tusa piinɛ anii (18,000), Bʋnkʋda nɛ pʋnyaꞌas ya nwɛnɛ Tusa piinɛ ayuobʋ (16,000) ka banɛ mɔr gbɛlima kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb la mɛ an nwɛnɛ Tusa anu nɛ kɔbisnu (5,500) ka kɔbiga pʋʋgin, pisyuobʋ nɛ anu (65%) bɛ tembanɛ nam pʋ nɔbʋgɛ ni na.[61] Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piiga (2010) la nii, Pʋꞌʋsim la Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers da yɛl ye pʋꞌʋsim la gɔsid nimmaꞌasim zinꞌis pisi nɛ ayuobʋ kɔbʋga pʋʋgin (26%).[62]

Ba ligidi  yit siel na

Sibitinam zina nyɛti ba ligidi nɛ sʋŋiri yit zinꞌis kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb. Ba nyɛt ligidi yitnɛ nidibi ti'ebid ka yɔɔd nii nɛ nimma'asim nwaae daag gu' waad bɛɛ gɔmɛna sanꞌan nɛ a-sʋꞌʋ-m-mɛŋ dim sʋŋir pʋʋgin.

United Kingdom sʋꞌʋlim ni, ba nimmaꞌasim lʋgir la gɔsidi ba nidib laafi yɛla zaalim ka ba pʋ yɔɔd si'el-si'ela, ka banɛ ka ba ti'ebʋg mɛ anɛ gbirigir ka ba yaꞌa pʋ ti'ebi ba tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ ka ba tɔnꞌɔ kpi la ti'ebʋg mɛ kaꞌ ba yɔꞌɔ ligidi ka ba yaan ti'ebidi baa, li baꞌa kae nɛ nid la yit tɛŋ si'a na bɛɛ o zi'esim an si'em. Sibitinam la mɔr laꞌad sieba tʋm la pʋ zu'oe na paae sɔꞌ wʋsa la, teŋ sieba nii, banɛ wiim sɔnꞌɔe la tuund lai ka nyaan paam ti'ebʋg, ka banɛ mɛ mɔr ligidi ka na nyaŋi kɛŋa a-sʋꞌʋ-m-mɛŋ sibiti namin la ba on kɛŋ anina ka ba ti'ebi ba tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ.[63]

United States sʋꞌʋlim ni, sibitinam titaꞌam anɛ a-sʋꞌʋm-mɛŋ sibiti nam, ka bɛdigʋ mɛ tʋm nɛ ye ba nyɛ nyɔɔd, ba yinnɛ anɛ HCA Healthcare.[64] Laꞌad banɛ ka sibiti dim la mɔr nɛ ba ligidi an si'em la laꞌas nɛ bɛ gbaŋ yinnɛ kanɛ ka ba buon chargemaster la; amaa, laꞌad la ligidi pʋ zɛm taabaa, sibitinam la bɛ taaba pʋʋsin la yɛla.[65] Wada paꞌal ye sibiti dim faanꞌe onɛ waꞌae kʋm ka kɛnꞌɛ ba sanꞌanꞌna vʋʋm bas, baa o sɔba yaꞌa pʋ mɔr ligidi na yɔɔ.[66] a-sʋꞌʋ-m-mɛŋ sibiti nam banɛ sanꞌan ka banɛ bɛ kʋm-nɛ-vʋm pʋʋgin kɛnni ba sanꞌan la nwɛꞌɛd nɛ sam, ka li kas-kas anɛ Hurricane Katrina yɛlkanɛ da naam la.[64]

Tʋʋmsʋma nɛ laafi nyɛɛb

Sibitinam la sit na nyaŋi sʋŋ banɛ kɛnni ba sanꞌana ka ba paam laafi anɛ yɛlkpan kanɛ ka dunia wʋsas gɔsidi li yɛla, sibitinam nɔk nwaꞌa ka li an yɛlkpan hali ba tʋʋma ni. Ban na nɔk nimbanɛ pʋ paasi ba tʋʋma  la nii ka ba vɛɛnsi gɔs ye laafi tʋmtʋmnib la tʋm ka li dɔl suor bɛɛ li pʋ dɔlla anɛ suor kanɛ na nyaŋi sit baŋ ye ba tʋʋma an tituaa bɛe li kaꞌa tituaa nɛ, lina zug ka ti mɔr kpɛɛm sieba ka ban tʋʋma an ye ba gɔs sibitinam la mɔr laꞌad sieba nɛ ba tʋmtʋmnib la as siem, ka nyaan bas suor ka ba tʋmi ba tʋʋma. Dunia zinꞌis bɛdigʋ nii, kpɛɛmnam banɛ tʋm tʋʋm  kan la kaꞌa ba mɛŋ teŋ nidiba, ka ba buoni li ye international healthcare accreditation, ka ba sieba an Accreditation Canada bɛ Canada, Joint Commission bɛ U.S., Trent Accreditation Scheme bɛ Great Britain, nɛ Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) banɛ bɛ France. England tɛŋin la, kpɛɛmnam banɛ gɔsid sibitinam la anɛ Care Quality Commission. Yʋʋm tusa ayi, nɛ pisi (2020) la, ba da gɔs ka diib banɛ ka ba kuosid an nimmua, bɔzugɔ, nidib ayɔpɔi da kpi bɛ listeria ka li da anɛ diib banɛ ka ba kiim lɔꞌ bɛɛ ba dʋk nɛ niŋ di sieba pʋʋgin ka ba buon sandwiches nɛ salads yʋʋm tusa ayiꞌ, nɛ piiga nɛ awai (2019) ni la yɛla, ba da yɛt ye “ningbina maalʋg nɛ kuom sʋŋid banꞌad ka o mɔr laafi."[67]

World Health Organization da yis gbaŋ yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ piinɛ yinnɛ (2011) ye nid yaꞌa iand agɔl gba sɔnꞌɔe ban na die o digil sibiti ni. Dunia wʋsa, ban na ti'eb  banꞌad ka li pʋ dɔlli suorɛ anɛ piiga, pudigir kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10%), ka ninsaali na dɔl ti'eb kaŋa buudi kpi mɛ anɛ nid yinnɛ, nidib kɔbistanꞌ (300) wʋsa puugin. Onɛ ka ba buon ye Liam Donaldson yel ye sibiti banꞌadnam ayɔpɔi pʋdigir kɔbiga pʋʋgin (7%) nyɛt banꞌas gba yit sibitinam ni, tɛŋ titada ni, ka banꞌadnam piiga pʋdigir kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10%) nyɛt banꞌasi yit sibitinamin tɛŋ banɛ nan pʋ nɔbigi paae ba bɛn la ni. Tɛŋ kanɛ buon U.S. ni, nidib 1.7 million ka banꞌas gbaꞌae ba dɔlisi yinɛ sibiti ni, ka li kɛ ka nidib tusa kɔbiga (100,000) kpi, nwaꞌa da gaad Europe ka nidib 4.5 million da nyɛ banꞌasi yi sibiti ni, ka nidib tusa pistanꞌ nɛ ayɔpɔi da kpi (37,000) la.[68]

Sibiti dɔɔd mɛɛb

Ba mɛꞌ sibiti dɔɔd zina nwa ye li sʋŋi sie sibiti tʋmtʋmnib tʋʋma, ka mɛ sie banꞌas banɛ na nyaŋi gbaꞌae nidib sibitinam ni, ka li sʋŋ ka sibiti tʋʋma nʋʋma nyaŋi  kɛŋ tuon. Sibiti tʋmtʋmnibi na bɛ lalli sa ka kɛn sibiti ni nɛ banꞌad banɛ ka ba tɔlisidi ba sibiti titada ni na nyaŋi kɛŋ paae sibiti ban ni tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ yʋꞌʋn anɛ naꞌanaꞌa. Sibiti mɛɛb nii, bam aal zinꞌis ye ba digil laꞌad tɛbisa nɛ laꞌa titada wʋsa, nɛ lɔkani ka ba na sɛnꞌɛd fɛnꞌɛd, ka mɛ bas paalʋ niŋ bʋgʋm nɛ kuom winꞌis, ka paalʋ mɛ bɛ ka ba na kpaꞌasid saꞌadi bat anina.[69]

Laꞌannɛ wala, sibitinam bɛdigʋ bɛ, baa ban ye ba anɛ sibiti titada la, ba pʋ nyaŋi gɔsidi li tʋʋma titʋaa nɛ ka ba pʋ nɔbigida yʋʋma bɛdigʋ, na nan kpɛn mɛɛd dɔɔdi paasid wʋʋ ba ligidi zɛm siem bɛn la. Linzug, Dutch tɛŋ nid onɛ gɔsidi ba mɛɛb nam yel ka o yʋꞌʋr buon Cor Wagenaar buon sibitinam bɛdigʋ ye:

"... yɛla dɔɔd, dɔɔd titada banɛ ka ba mɛ ka li nar ye fʋ dɔl suor wɔk ka nyaan nyɛ tiebik, ka ba pʋ lɛn tʋmmi ba tʋʋma linɛ yɛl ka ba mɛ dɔɔd la ziel la ... Ba pʋ lɛn tʋmmi ba tʋʋmaa, ban naani kɛɛn ka banꞌad sʋnya maꞌae la, ba saꞌamidi ba sʋnya ka kɛt ka ba gɛnꞌɛd."[70]

Sibiti paala sieba yʋꞌʋn mɔɔd ye ba mɛ dɔɔd la ka baꞌadnam sunya nɛ ba pʋtɛnda nyaŋi digin banꞌalim, ka ban maal siel anɛ ba kɛt ka pɛbisim bɛ bɛ sibitinam la ni ka mɛ ziel laꞌa vɛnla anina. Pʋtɛnꞌɛr kaŋa da siꞌiŋ nɛ hali yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii (eighteenth century) saŋa sa, ka ba da pinꞌili tɛnꞌɛs ka li an sʋm ka pɛbisim bɛ tiebig zinꞌisin, ala ka banꞌadnam na paami ba laafi tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ, linzug ka banɛ mɛɛd sibitinam la yʋꞌʋn paas yaꞌam kaŋa sibitinam mɛɛb pʋʋgin.[70]

British Medical Association vɛnꞌɛs vɛnꞌɛsʋg ka li paꞌal ye sibiti banɛ mɛꞌ titʋaa la kɛt ka banꞌadnam nyɛt laafi tɔꞌɔtɔꞌɔ. Nɛɛsim yaꞌa bɛ banꞌadnam ziꞌigin li kɛt ka ba tammidi ba yɛltɛnꞌɛsa.[71] Dab mɔri ba dɔɔgi ba kɔnꞌɔ ka pʋab mɛ mɔri ba dɔɔgi ba kɔnꞌɔ kɛt ka banꞌadnam nyaŋidi sʋadi ba nyan. Sibiti la na bɛ paalʋ ni bɛɛ ban na sɛꞌ tiis nami gilig anina mɛ anɛ yɛlkpan – banꞌadnam yaꞌa na nyaŋi dɔlis takɔrɔ ni gɔs yiŋ kɛt ka ba sʋnya malis ka siedi ba zidʋtʋm banꞌas nɛ ba gɛnꞌɛlis. Takɔrɔ nam yaꞌa yɔɔsi bas banꞌadnam dɔɔgin mɛ kɛt ka pɛbisim kpɛꞌɛdi ba ka ba ningbina sʋnla tɔmisid titʋaa.[72][73] dɔɔd nam la yaꞌa pʋ lal nɛ taaba mɛ kɛt ka nɛɛsnam nɛ sibiti tʋmtʋmnib gɛnꞌɛlis sied.[74]

Dinɛ lɛn paas anɛ ban tiak ka li lɛn kaꞌ yɛ nid yinnɛ mɔr o dɔɔg la (nwaꞌa kɛ ka banꞌadnam bɛ dɔɔg yinnɛ ni bɛdigʋ, ka ba lɛɛ bas paalʋ gadis la tɛnsʋk ye ba dɔlli gat) ka lɛn kaꞌ nɛ yɛ banꞌad yinnɛ wʋsa mɔr o dɔɔgɔ. Banꞌadnam yaꞌa laꞌasi bɛ la mɔr sʋŋir hali tisnɛ tʋmtʋmnib la, amaa banꞌadnam lɛɛ gɔs ka li kɛt nɛ ka ba gɛnꞌɛd, bɔzʋgɔ ba pʋ tɔnꞌe sʋadi ba nyannɛ. Yɛlkanɛ bɛ ka sibitinam kʋ nyaŋi tis banꞌad wʋsaa ɔ dɔgʋn la anɛ mɛɛb la ligidi zuoe nɛ galis, ka sibiti kan sam kʋ an sam billa; nwaꞌa kɛ ka sibitinam diesid banꞌadnam banɛ bɔɔdi ba dɔgʋn la ligidi ka tisidi ba dɔɔd la.[75]

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  1. ↑ "Hospitals". World Health Organization. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  2. ↑ "India's 'production line' heart hospital". bbcnews.com. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  3. ↑ Hall, Daniel (December 2008). "Altar and Table: A phenomenology of the surgeon-priest". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 81 (4): 193–98. PMC 2605310. PMID 19099050. Although physicians were available in varying capacities in ancient Rome and Athens, the institution of a hospital dedicated to the care of the sick was a distinctly Christian innovation rooted in the monastic virtue and practise of hospitality. Arranged around the monastery were concentric rings of buildings in which the life and work of the monastic community was ordered. The outer ring of buildings served as a hostel in which travellers were received and boarded. The inner ring served as a place where the monastic community could care for the sick, the poor and the infirm. Monks were frequently familiar with the medicine available at that time, growing medicinal plants on the monastery grounds and applying remedies as indicated. As such, many of the practicing physicians of the Middle Ages were also clergy.
  4. 1 2 Lovoll, Odd (1998). A Portrait of Norwegian Americans Today. U of Minnesota Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8166-2832-2.
  5. ↑ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, revised by J. Marchant & J. Charles, 260th. thousand.
  6. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605310
  7. ↑ Hall, Daniel (December 2008). "Altar and Table: A phenomenology of the surgeon-priest". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 81 (4): 193–98. PMC 2605310. PMID 19099050. Although physicians were available in varying capacities in ancient Rome and Athens, the institution of a hospital dedicated to the care of the sick was a distinctly Christian innovation rooted in the monastic virtue and practise of hospitality. Arranged around the monastery were concentric rings of buildings in which the life and work of the monastic community was ordered. The outer ring of buildings served as a hostel in which travellers were received and boarded. The inner ring served as a place where the monastic community could care for the sick, the poor and the infirm. Monks were frequently familiar with the medicine available at that time, growing medicinal plants on the monastery grounds and applying remedies as indicated. As such, many of the practicing physicians of the Middle Ages were also clergy.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Our Background". District Hospital Leadership Forum. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
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  16. ↑ Arjuna Aluvihare, "Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo" Vidhusara Science Magazine, November 1993.
  17. ↑ The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22:2 Mehmet Mahfuz Söylemez, The Gundeshapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions, p. 3.
  18. ↑ Risse, G.B. Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals. 1990. p. 56
  19. ↑ Ziegler, Tiffany A., Tiffany A. Ziegler, and Troyanos. Medieval Healthcare and the Rise of Charitable Institutions. Springer International Publishing, 2018, 33
  20. ↑ (Guenter Risse, Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals, 47–48).
  21. ↑ an Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). "Christianity: Curing and caring for the sick". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  22. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia – [1] (2009) Accessed April 2011.
  23. ↑ Byzantine medicine
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  26. ↑ Miller, Andrew C (2006). "Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (12): 615–617. doi:10.1177/014107680609901208. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1676324. PMID 17139063. Another lasting advancement made during this time period was that of physician licensure. In 931 AD Caliph Al-Muqtadir learned that a patient had died in Baghdad as a result of a physician's error. Consequently, he ordered Sinan ibn Thabit to examine all those who practiced the art of healing. Of the 860 medical practitioners he examined, 160 failed. From that time on, licensing examinations were required and administered in various places. Licensing boards were set up under a government official called Muhtasib, or inspector general. The chief physician gave oral and practical examinations, and if the young physician was successful, the Muhtasib administered the Hippocratic Oath and issued a license to practice medicine.
  27. ↑ Alatas, Syed Farid (2006). "From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue". Current Sociology. 54 (1): 112–32. doi:10.1177/0011392106058837. S2CID 144509355.
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  34. ↑ "Colonial City of Santo Domingo. Outstanding Universal Value". UNESCO World Heritage Centre website.
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  38. ↑ "Painted window in St Bartholomew's Hospital". Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  39. ↑ Reinarz, Jonathan (2007). "Corpus Curricula: Medical Education and the Voluntary Hospital Movement". Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. pp. 43–52. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70967-3_4. ISBN 978-0-387-70966-6.
  40. ↑ "General Acute Care Hospital in New York". Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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  42. ↑ Freeman GK (2017). "Books: The Dispensaries: Healthcare for the Poor Before the NHS: Britain's Forgotten Health-care System: Dispensaries: An Alternative to General Practice?". Br J Gen Pract. 67 (655): 81. doi:10.3399/bjgp17X689281. PMC 5308110. PMID 28126876.
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  50. 1 2 3 Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (25 February 2018). "Opinion | Are Hospitals Becoming Obsolete?". The New York Times.
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  63. ↑ Johnston, Martin (21 January 2008). "Surgery worries create insurance boom". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  64. 1 2 Hospitals in New Orleans see surge in uninsured patients but not public funds – USA Today, Wednesday 26 April 2006
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Gbambanɛ ni ka labaya la yi

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Sibiti yɛla lakʋda

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]
  • Brockliss, Lawrence, and Colin Jones. "The Hospital in the Enlightenment", in The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford UP, 1997), pp. 671–729; covers France 1650–1800
  • Chaney, Edward (2000), "'Philanthropy in Italy': English Observations on Italian Hospitals 1545–1789", in: The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed. London, Routledge, 2000.
  • Connor, J.T.H. "Hospital History in Canada and the United States", Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 1990, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp. 93–104
  • Crawford, D.S. Bibliography of Histories of Canadian hospitals and schools of nursing.
  • Gorsky, Martin. "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography", Social History of Medicine, December 2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp. 437–60
  • Harrison, Mar, et al. eds. From Western Medicine to Global Medicine: The Hospital Beyond the West (2008)
  • Horden, Peregrine. Hospitals and Healing From Antiquity to the Later Middle Ages (2008)
  • McGrew, Roderick E. Encyclopedia of Medical History (1985
  • Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 3, Routledge ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2
  • Porter, Roy. The Hospital in History, with Lindsay Patricia Granshaw (1989) ISBN 978-0-415-00375-9
  • Risse, Guenter B. Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals (1999); world coverage
  • Rosenberg, Charles E. The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System (1995); history to 1920
  • Scheutz, Martin et al. eds. Hospitals and Institutional Care in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2009)
  • Wall, Barbra Mann. American Catholic Hospitals: A Century of Changing Markets and Missions (Rutgers University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0-8135-4940-8
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