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Ku'om

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Ku'om
nutrient group
Subclass ofliquid water, drink Dɛmisim gbɛlima
SRGB color hex triplet1E90FF Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Fabrication methoddrinking water production Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Usespotable water sampling Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicatorTarget 6.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Unicode character🚰 Dɛmisim gbɛlima
Opposite ofnon-drinking water Dɛmisim gbɛlima

Ku'om anɛ dinɛ ka ba nuud. Ku'om anɛ linɛ ka laʋk bɛɛ bʋnvʋr si'a pʋ gɛndig maali lii, ka li zanbin sɔbʋg anɛ H2O. Li yiligi nyɛt nyain, ka pʋ mɔr mimilim, nɛ nyuuŋɔ nɛ nwɛnnɛm. Dinɛ an yɛlkpan dunia ku'ogbaʋŋ la wʋsa naamʋgin ka an bʋnvʋya wʋsa ku'or ( di anɛ dinɛ maan yɛla pamm).[1] Di anɛ yɛlkpan bɛɛ nimmua bʋn tis bʋn linɛ mɔr vʋm wʋsa la'am nɛ lin pʋ tisid diib paŋ bɛɛ kʋ'ʋlʋm linɛ sʋŋid niŋgbiŋ laafi. Li zanbin sɔb kaŋa H2O, pa'an ye li mɔlekuls nam yinne-yinne mɔr vʋ'ʋsim pɛbisʋg yinnɛ nɛ haidrogen atɔm ayi' ka kɔnba tɔ'ɔŋi ba wʋsa. Haidrogen atɔm nam la la'asi tɔ'ɔŋ nɛ vʋ'ʋsʋm pɛbisʋg atɔm nam la ka li naam zin'ig wʋʋ 104.45°.[2] Bʋnkʋkɔ'ɔlʋg ni, ba buon H2O nɛ ye, "Ku'om", ka li ma'ae ka li zɔɔg paŋ mɛ zɛmis sʋ'ʋŋa. Teŋgbaʋŋ la sʋ'ʋlʋm n li'el Ku'om zin'is atan' la zug la, li kɛnɛ ka Ku'om yʋ'ʋn liebi nwɛnnɛ bʋn linɛ an kaŋ-kaŋ, nɛ bʋn linɛ an kʋkɔ'ɔg nɛ pɛbisim nɛ.[3] Li naamid bɛɛ kilim nɛ saku'om liebid saa ka kilim udug bɛɛ paandʋg. Saŋgbana banɛ ziid la mɔr saku'om nɛ sakuga linɛ kpi'em. Ka li wʋsa ya'a wɛlig bɛɛ widig, sakugir la yʋ'ʋn pin'innɛ kilim bɛɛ naamid sakuga. Ku'om ya'a lieb pɛbisim, li anɛ walim bɛɛ paandʋg.

Ku'om di'e bɛɛ pɛ'ɛl teŋgbaʋŋ la wʋʋ 71%, ka ku'opila nɛ mu'a la'as ka Ku'om la yaligi zu'oe nwɛnnɛ 96.5%.[4] Antarctica nɛ Greenland tɛɛns zin'ibanɛ ka mɛgilim nɛ sa-ulug bɛ, ka walim duod, ka Saŋgbana ziid (sapɛbisʋg nɛ saku'om bɛ pɛbisʋgʋn) bɛ la, Ku'om zin'isieba yitnɛ teŋin na (1.7%), ka saa Ku'om yʋ'ʋn si'iŋi niid (ka li an wʋʋ 0.001).[5][6] Ku'om mɔr nimmua tʋʋma dunia kaŋa ni. Nwɛn wʋʋ 70% pʋʋgin, Ku'osʋŋ linɛ ka nidib mɔr tʋmma mɔri tʋm kuob nɛ gʋ'ʋl tʋʋma ni.[7] Atɛʋk nɛ mu'a Ku'om banɛ ni ka ba gban'ad zimi la, nan kpɛn anɛ ka na kpɛn an zini'ikanɛ ka dunia tɛɛns nyɛti ba diib ani, ka mɛ na sʋŋid nɛ protein wʋʋ 6.5% nɛ.[8] Zin'ibanɛ lal bɛɛ zaaen ka ba ziid la'ad kpimisid ( la'abanɛ nwɛn wʋʋ kpaam, bugum pɛbisim nɛ la'abanɛ ka ba maali ba naae la), ba ziidi ba nɛ aanris dɔl Atɛʋk Ku'om zug nɛ mu'a nɛ leks nɛ kanals ni gat. Ba mɔr Ku'om bɛdegʋ nɛ Ku'om linɛ ma'ae gbil niŋid ka li ma'ad ka ba nuud ka lɛm mɔri dʋgʋd bɛ tʋʋma zin'isin nɛ yanamin. Ku'om anɛ bʋnsʋŋ linɛ na nyaŋi buoe si'elnam kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb nwɛnnɛ wʋʋ bʋnbʋgʋsa nɛ bʋnvʋlnam ; ala mɛn ka ba mɔr Ku'om bɛdegʋ tʋm bɛ tʋʋma zin'isin, ka mɔri dʋgʋd, ka mɛ mɔri pied la'ad. Ku'om nɛ Ku'om linɛ ma'ae gbil nɛ sa-ulug anɛ bʋnsʋŋi tis Bɔɔl di'ema dim bɛdegʋ nɛ sumalisim di'ema kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb nwɛnnɛ, Ku'om lugub nɛ aanrʋŋ di'ema nɛ zimi gban'ab nɛ a-iank lu ku'omin di'ema nɛ ban mɔr masin nam zɔt Ku'om zug di'em nɛ ku'ogbila gban'ab di'ema.

Pian'azug la gbin nɛ li yɛlkʋdʋg yɛla

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Pian'ʋk kanɛ buon ye "Ku'om" la yinɛ kʋdʋmin na'asaalin na nɛ proto-Germanic dim pian'adin na (Saxon dim buon ye water, ka Frisian dim da buonnɛ li kʋdʋmin ye wetir, ka Dutch pian'adin an water, ka High German dim buon ye wasser nɛ vatin nɛ Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato)), ala ka from Proto-Indo-European pian'adin an *wod-or, ka li giŋa an *wed- ('water'; 'wet'). Ala mɛn nɔɔ, ka li dɔlis Indo-European pian'ʋk la nya'arin nɛ Greek ύδωρ ni ka pian'ʋk la nwɛn bɛɛ mɔr kpinnim (ýdor; yinɛ kʋdʋmin Greek pian'adin ὕδωρ (hýdōr), din ka na'asanam buon ye "hydro-"), ka Russian pian'ʋkin an вода́ (vodá), ka Irish pian'ʋkin an uisce, ka Albanian pian'ʋkin mɛ an ujë.

Li kʋdʋmin Labaar Yɛla

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

labaar la mɛŋ: Ku'om Pin'ilʋg dunia ni nɛ kʋdʋmin labaar Ku'om yɛla nɛ Ku'om bɛllim yɛla.

Teŋgbaʋŋ la ni

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Nɛ'ɛŋa anɛ labagiŋ yit Ku'om si'iŋir nɛ li kʋdʋmin labaar dunia ni na.

Bʋn yinnɛ kanɛ ka ti na nyaŋi gɛligi baŋ Saŋkanɛ ka Ku'om naam dunia zug anɛ ye, Ku'om kpɛn kennɛ tuon yadigid zin'is bɛdegʋ. . Nɛɛsim buoed H2O molecules nam banɛ bɛɛ agɔl la, ka dinna kɛnɛ ka Ku'om atɔm nam nyaŋidi sadigid bɛɛ zɔti yit yiiŋ yɔl-yɔl teŋ la ya'a tans buak bɛ vɛ'ɛgid zin'is ka mugusʋg bɛ. Saŋa kanɛ Teŋgbaʋŋ la da nam pʋ nɔbig zu'oe ka an bi'ela la, ku'om naanɛ yadig tiingi paae zin'is bɛdegʋ ka li aan na'ana. Bʋnbanɛ mɔr nɛɛsim nwɛnnɛ hydrogen nɛ helium anɛ banɛ narin ye ba ken tuon yiti agɔl lut na, amaa isotopic ratios vɛɛnsʋg dim vɛɛns pɛbisim linɛ mɔr paŋ bɛɛ agɔl nannana la yɛl ye, hali elements banɛ tɛbis bɛɛ agɔl la da bɔdigid nɛ lut.[9] Zin'isieba ni bɛ, ka xenon an linɛ nyaŋidi makid baŋid Ku'om nɛ kpiɛn bɛɛ bɔdigi paae saŋa si'a. Li ka' nɛ pɛbisim ma'a nɛɛ, (ka dinzug li pʋ dɔl suobanɛ pʋ nyɛt nɛ nininɛɛ nɛ ɛlimɛns sieba yii agɔl la nii), amaa mamisʋg titada linɛ naam isotopes nam awai banɛ bɛ pɛbisim ni nannana la pa'al ye kʋdʋmin labaar linɛ pa'an Ku'om yɛla la, teŋgbaʋŋ la kɔ'ɔŋ Ku'om nwɛnnɛ ocean Ku'omum yinne Hadean nɛ Archean tensʋk eons.[10]

Ku'om linɛ nam bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la ni ka da bɛ Saŋkanɛ ka Ku'om da pin'ili yaligid bɛɛ nɔbigid la, alaa nwana ma'a linɛ da naam na'ambua (~4.5 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la) la na san'ami li, ka an linɛ sʋŋid saa zʋʋnr bɛɛ walim n yit teŋin la tans buak pʋʋgin la nɛ tempal zug, ka tʋʋlʋg linɛ yit kuga ni dɔt pɛbisim zug ka saku'om naamid la yʋ'ʋn kilim bɛ planet paalig la ni.[11][12] Kugir pɛbistʋʋlʋg naan buoɛ lɛbigin Ku'om yʋma tusa ayi' ni, ka vɔlatals nam kpɛlim ka bɛɛn tiis vʋm pɛbisim bɛdegʋ ni nɛ Haidrogen nɛ ku'owalim ni. Lin nya'aŋ la, ka Ku'om oceans nam bɛ hali la'am nɛ teŋgbaʋŋ zug tʋʋlʋgʋ an wʋʋ 230 °C (446 °F) la, ka li anɛ agɔl pɛbisʋg paŋi zu'od wʋʋ CO2 la zug. Ka teŋ ken tuon ma'ad la, ocean Ku'om la da vɔl Ku'om CO2 sieba nɛ, amaa ka Ku'om la sieba ken ka lɛbid gbiaʋk-gbiaʋk bɛdegʋ ka paalʋ nɛ zuya naam.[13]

Zamisʋg kasɛtta linɛ pa'an teŋ la an si'em la kɛya bɛɛ sʋŋid ka ba nyaŋid baŋid ka dɔl saŋa kanɛ ka Ku'om naamid teŋin la zug. Teŋ la yiti tans buak ya'ae ka bian'atʋʋlʋg yina digin ma'ae yuug hali ka ti lieb tampiig la (nɛ'ɛŋa anɛ tampiig kanɛ naam yi teŋ gbinnin Ku'om tansid yi yiiŋ na la), da yinɛ Isua Greenstone Belt ni na ka li sid pa'al ye Ku'om bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la ni hali yʋma 3.8 million banɛ gaad la saŋa sa.[14] Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt la ni la, vɛɛnsʋg yinne pa'al ye Quebec nɛ Canada kuga bɛ hali yʋma 3.8 billion banɛ gaad la sa,[15] ka zamisʋg yinne nɛ yɛl ye kugubama bɛ ka li yuug wʋʋ 4.28 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la sa,[16] nɛ'ɛŋa sid an kasɛtta pa'al ye Ku'om da bɛ yʋʋm bama saŋa sa.[17] Ka mu'atitada ya'a da pʋn dɛŋim bɛ ka yʋʋm bama nyaan paae, alaa vɛɛnsʋg si'a nam bɛ tuon nɛ na yina pa'al nɛ kasɛt (li tʋn'e anɛ ye teŋ la ti'asid ka dammʋg naamid bɛdegʋ la zug ka vɛɛnsʋg kasɛtta bam buudi pʋ nyaŋid maanna). Nannanna, yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ pisi la ni li nwadis anii la ni la, vɛɛnsʋg dim daa yina yɛl ye, Ku'om bɛdegʋ linɛ ye li pɛ'ɛl mu'atitada la tʋn'ʋn bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la ni hali Saŋkanɛ ka teŋ la da pin'il naamid la.[18][19][20]

Minɛrals nam banɛ buon ye zircons ka li pʋ nwɛnnɛ tampiis la, kpi'em nɛ hali ka pʋ nwa'ada ka mugusʋg linɛ naamid teŋin la pʋ nyaŋid san'amidi li la, sid pa'an yɛlbanɛ da bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ la Pin'ilʋgʋn sa. Nwɛnnɛ sanlima nɛ anzurifa nam nɛ banɛ bɛ teŋ la ni kasɛtta linɛ yi zircons ni na la, sid pa'al ye Ku'om nɛ agɔl pɛbisim da pʋm bɛ 4.404 ± 0.008 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la teŋgbaʋŋ la da maal gaad la nya'aŋ nɔɔ.[21][22][23][24] Nɛ'ɛŋa an labaar linɛ pa'an sida teŋgbaʋŋ la ma'ae si'em la bigis ye teŋ la zin'ig wʋsa da ma'ae nɛ zɛmis nɛ Ku'om na gbil wʋʋ 4.4 billion nɛ 4.0 billion yʋma banɛ gaad la sa. Zircons nam banɛ bɛ Australia Hadean tampiisin la zamisʋg sieba pa'al ye, kug-lamma sieba pʋm bɛ hali yʋma 4 billion banɛ gaad la sa. Ka nwa' ya'a an sida, li pa'al ye si'el kae gaŋ tʋʋlʋg nɛ teŋ la nyɛlig lammiri si'em la, nɛ agɔl nɛ pɛ'ɛl nɛ tiis vʋm pɛbisim si'em, da bɛ teŋgbaʋŋ nindaa ni wʋʋ li da an si'em la zina laa. Kug-lamma an si'em la, li nyaŋidi gban'ad bɛɛ di'ed CO2 ka li sier tʋʋlʋg bɛdegʋ ka teŋgbaʋŋ sʋ'ʋlʋm la ma'ae, ka kugukpi'ema nɛ Ku'om mɛ naam.[25]

Ku'om bɛllim yɛla.

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ku'om (H2O) anɛ linɛ ka bʋnkpiilʋŋ nɛ laʋk si'a pʋ gɛndigi li nii. Li ya'a ma'a zɛmisɛ, li pʋ mɔr malisim si'a, ka si'im nɛ kae, li pʋ mɔr si'im ka bɔɔd ye li zie nie wʋʋ pipɛlʋg nɛ. Li anɛ hydrogen chalcogenide giŋa, li nɛ lɛn an chemical compound gaŋ wʋsa ka saŋa sieba bɛ ba ye linɛ an "buod wʋsa", bɔzugɔ linɛ an bʋnkʋkɔ'ɔlʋg kanɛ mɔr paŋ buod si'elnam bɛdegʋ gat bʋnkʋkɔ'ɔlʋg si'a ya'as,[26][27] hali la'am nɛ lin kʋ nyaŋi buoɛ kʋnt la.[28] Ka nɛ'ɛŋa kɛ ka Ku'om an "bʋn linɛ maan vʋm" la: li anɛ sida ye, Ku'om linɛ ka Wina'am maal la mɔr si'elnam kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ka buoɛ li pʋʋgin,[29] ka li nar ye ba dɔlis suobanɛ bɛɛ li kɔn' ka nyaan paam ku'okanɛ an nyain. Ku'omi an bʋn yinnɛ ma'a kanɛ na nyaŋi lieb gan'alʋg nɛ kʋkɔ'ɔg nɛ pɛbisim zin'is kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni.[30]

Tɛbisim

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Kuꞌom bɛɛ di kɔnꞌ nɛ laꞌabanɛ pʋbʋt la titaꞌam, bɔzugɔ, di yaꞌa kilim gbil di pʋ tɛbis nwɛnɛ di na pʋbida. Kuꞌom tɛbisim bɛdegʋ anɛ 999.972kg/m3 dinɛ an yinne nɛ 62.4262ib/cu ft, yi 3.98 0C (39.16 0F).[31][32] Bɛɛ di pʋ lal nɛ 1,000 kg/m3 yi di yaꞌa an 4 oC (39 0F). kuꞌom yaꞌa gbilim kilim kugir, di tɛbisim anɛ 917 kg/m3. Di yaꞌa ti aan anwa, di na nyaŋi tans paipnam ka nwaꞌad tampiis.[33] Muꞌar bɛɛ kɔldaʋg nii, kuꞌom kanɛ tʋʋlʋgʋ bɛ 4 0C (39 0F) ɛɛnti signɛ tɛŋir ka maal kuga ka ba paꞌae kuꞌom la zug. Di yaꞌa kaꞌ bʋnkaŋa zugɔ, bʋnkɔnbid banɛ bɛ kuꞌomin la naani kpiidin nintaŋ saŋa.[34]

Lɛmʋg nɛ nyuug

Ba ɛɛnti ye kuꞌokanɛ an nyain pʋ mɔr lɛmʋg bɛɛ nyuugɔ, laꞌanɛ ninsaalibi mɔr bʋnsieba ka ba nyaŋidi paꞌan ye kuꞌom bɛ nɔɔrin la,[35][36] ka nidib mɛ ye mgbamnam wʋm kuꞌom nyuug. Nɛ wala wʋsa, kuꞌobanɛ ka ba dɔlis suoya kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔbi maal ka paas tima la ɛɛnti mɔr lɛmʋg nɛ nyuug. Nidib nɛ bʋnkɔnbid paam yaꞌam siꞌa ka ba mɔri baŋid kuꞌokanɛ an nyain ye di sʋŋ ka ba luꞌak kuꞌokanɛ ka yaarim la zuꞌoe.[37]

Ninkuꞌom nɛ din nie siꞌem

Kuꞌokanɛ an nyain saŋa pamm ɛɛnti anɛ bʋlʋ ka di yinɛ nɛɛsim kanɛ bɛ zinꞌikanɛ ka kuꞌom la bɛ la c. 600-800nm.[38] Fʋ yaꞌa bɔɔd ye fʋ baŋ ninkuꞌom la fʋ tunꞌe nɔki di niŋ nwamin ka ziꞌeli di gɛɛs nɛ zaŋguom piel ka nintaŋ nwɛꞌɛd. Kuꞌom la ninkuꞌom mɛ tunꞌe naan bʋlʋ lɛ dɛnꞌɛn ka di yinɛ kuga banɛ paꞌae di zug la bɛɛ bʋnvʋya na bɛ kuꞌomin la.

Nidib tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Kuꞌokanɛ ka ba da yisi tʋm kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl tʋʋma, tʋʋma zinꞌisin nɛ sʋꞌʋlʋmnam kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb ni da maknɛ mitɛs (m3) yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piiga la ni (2010).

Kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl

Tʋʋmkanɛ mɔr nyɔɔd ka ninsaalib mɔr kuꞌom tʋm anɛ kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl, di kas-kas anɛ ʋʋn kuob kanɛ mɔr kuꞌom tʋʋm[39]a nwɛnɛ pisnii (80) paae piswai (90) kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn.[40] United states nii, Kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn, kuꞌokanɛ kpɛnꞌɛd ʋʋn kuobin anɛ pisnaasi nɛ ayi (42%) amaa, kuꞌom la bɛdegʋ dinɛ ka ba mɔri dit ka di pʋ lɛbina kpɛnꞌɛdnɛ kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl ni. Kuꞌosʋŋ paamʋg yɛla anɛ dinɛ pʋ pak nidib hali, di kas-kas anɛ nimbanɛ bɛ Naꞌasaateŋ titada ni ka ba nɔk masin nam paamid kuꞌom ka daʋŋ kae. Dinɛ an yɛlkpan anɛ ban na paam kuꞌom saŋa wʋsa maali ba kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl la an daʋŋ.[41] Nidib kanli paasid ka daꞌa diisim mɛ ken tuon la, niꞌim banɛ nuud kuꞌom yʋꞌʋn zuꞌoenɛ, ka kuꞌom bɔɔdim mɛ yʋꞌʋm maligim paasid.[42]

International Water Management Institute dinɛ bɛ Sri Lanka la da maal vɛɛnsʋg kuꞌom yɛla zaŋi keŋ kuꞌob nɛ gʋꞌʋl ni yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ ayɔpɔi la ni (2007) ye ba gɔs dunia la mɔr kuꞌom ka di na siak dinɛ na kua zʋʋd ka nidib la wʋsa paam dii.[43] Di da gɔs dunia wʋsa zinꞌibanɛ ka kuꞌom bɛ ka ba maan kuob nɛ gʋꞌʋl, ka mɛ zanbil zinꞌibanɛ mɔr kuꞌonɔŋ. Vɛɛnsʋg la da paꞌa ye dunia wʋsa nimbanɛ bɛ kuꞌonɔŋin anɛ wʋʋ biliyɔŋ nam 1.2, zinꞌibanɛ ka ba pʋ mɔr kuꞌom maan ban bɔɔd siꞌel wʋsaa. Ka nidib nwɛnɛ biliyɔnnam 1.6 bɛ zinꞌibanɛ ka kuꞌom kpiisig tɔi, zinꞌibanɛ ka tadimis zug ka tuon gatib pʋ nyaŋi tisi ba kuꞌom ka di siaki ba.

Vɛɛnsʋg la da paꞌal ye di anɛ naꞌanaꞌ nɛ tinamɛ na paam zʋʋd nananna nɛ bɛʋg yɛla amaa, zina tʋʋma la na kɛ ka zinꞌis bɛdegʋ na paam kuꞌonɔŋ dunia zinꞌisieba. Ti yaꞌa na guꞌ kuꞌonɔŋ kaŋa, asɛɛ ka kpaadib mɔ paam diib bɛdegʋ ka di zɛmis nɛ dunia bɔɔdim ka tempʋʋs nɛ tʋʋma zinꞌis mɛ gɔs suobanɛ ka ba na dɔl ka nɔk kuꞌom tʋm ka di mɔr nyɔɔd.

Dinɛ mɛ taꞌas ka kuꞌom kae la anɛ tinamɛ bɔɔd laꞌabanɛ nuud kuꞌom la. Tituunli anɛ guŋgum.

Nuub

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ninsaal niŋgbiŋ mɔrnɛ kuꞌom din yi pisnu nɛ nu kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (55%) keŋ paae pisyɔpɔi nɛ nii kɔbʋga pʋʋgʋn (78%), dɔlisid niŋgbiŋ la zɛm siꞌem.[44] Niŋgbiŋ la bɔɔdi kuꞌom nwɛnɛ lita yinne keŋ paae lita nam ayɔpɔi (0.22 nɛ 1.54 imp galaŋ nam; 0.26 nɛ 1.85 U.S. gal) daar wʋsa ye di guꞌ ka kuꞌom da naae ningbiŋin la; kuꞌokanɛ na zɛmis ɛɛnti yinɛ tʋʋmkanɛ ka ba tʋm, tʋʋlʋgʋ an siꞌem, nɛ yɛlsieba bɛdegʋ. Bʋmbama bɛdegʋ bɛnɛ diib bɛɛ bʋn-nuuda banɛ ka ti dit ka nuud la ni, ka kaꞌ kuꞌokanɛ ka ti nuud la maꞌanɛ. Di pʋ nie nyain din nar ye ninsaal nu kuꞌom siꞌem ka di sʋŋ ka o mɔr laafi, laꞌanɛ British Dietetic Association saꞌal ye ti num lita nam 2.5 daar wʋsa ka di sʋŋi zanl niŋgbiŋ la, paasnɛ lita nam 1.8 kanɛ ka ti paamidi yit bʋn-nuuda nam ni la. [45]Nimmaꞌasim yɛla gbana paꞌal ye ti num kuꞌom biꞌela, nwɛnɛ dap num lita yinne, ka dinɛ yit bʋn-nuuda ni pʋ paasɛ.[46]

Siꞌa nini kanɛ mɔr laafi sʋꞌʋŋa na nyaŋi yis kuꞌom nwɛnɛ lita nam 0.8 keŋ paae yinne awa yinne wʋsa pʋʋgʋn, amaa, gɛɛnlis nɛ ɔnsir tunꞌe sie di. Nidib tunꞌe nu kuꞌom bɛdegʋ gaad ban ɛɛnti nuud siꞌem ninwisigir saŋa ka di kɛ ka ba kuꞌom yit bɛdegʋ, dina tunꞌe mɔr daʋŋ bɛdegʋ tisi ba vʋm.[47][48] Ban yɛl ye ninsaal nar ye o nu kuꞌom nwama anii daar yinne la pʋ mɔr ziꞌesim kanɛ paꞌal ye di anɛ sida vɛɛsʋg pʋʋgʋnɛ. Gbaʋŋ zamisʋg paꞌal ye sɔꞌ yaꞌa nuꞌ kuꞌom tʋʋg, di kas-kas nwɛnɛ mili lita nam ban kɔbisnu (18 imp fl oz; 17 U.S fl oz) diib saŋa, taꞌasid ka nidib tɛbisim sied.[49][50][51][52][53][54] Fʋ yaꞌa nu kuꞌom ka di zɛmis sʋŋidi kɛt ka dikanɛ ka fʋ di la buoed.[55]

U.S. National Research Council kʋgʋr kanɛ gɔsid diib yɛla la da yi yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anu (1945) ni na paꞌal ye ba num kuꞌom mililita yinne ba yaꞌa di naae wʋsa.[56] Nɛꞌɛŋa sieba bɛ dibanɛ ka bam aal la ni.

Bakir pʋʋgʋnɛ, banɛ mɔr pʋʋg nɛ bima nam nar ye ba paam kuꞌom ka di sʋŋi ba ka ba bɛ sʋꞌʋŋa. US institute of Medicine mɛ yɛl ye, dap nar ye ba nu kuꞌom litanam atanꞌ (0.66 imp gal; 0.79 U.S.gal) ka pʋꞌab mɛ nu litanam 2.2 (0.48 imp gal; 0.58 U.S. gal); pʋꞌapʋʋs num litanam 2.4 (0.53 imp gal; 0.63 U.S. gal) ka bima nam mɛ num litanam atan, bɔzugɔ kuꞌom bɛdegʋ yiti ba niŋgbina nib a yaꞌa muꞌasidi ba biis.[57]  Dinɛ nari ye ti baŋ anɛ ye, kuꞌokanɛ ka ti mɔri ti niŋgbina ni la fʋ yaꞌa gɔs kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn, pisi (20%) yitnɛ dibanɛ ka ti dit la ni, ka dinɛ kpɛlim la yi kuꞌokanɛ ka ti nuud la nɛ bʋn-nuudanam ni. Kuꞌom mɔr ziꞌesim kɔnꞌɔb-kɔnꞌɔb kanɛ yit niŋgbiŋ la ni; ba anɛ dʋꞌʋnʋm nɛ bin, di mɛ dɔlisid ɔnsir ni ka sieba mɛ dɔl tinamɛ vʋꞌʋsʋd la nii yit. Ti yaꞌa tʋm tʋʋmkpiꞌema bɛɛ bɛ tʋʋlʋgʋn, kuꞌokanɛ yit niŋgbiŋin la na zuꞌoe ka di nar ye ti paasidi di daar wʋsa.

Ninsaalib bɔɔdi kuꞌokanɛ ka dianꞌad pʋ zuꞌoe.[58] Bʋmbanɛ na bɛ kuꞌomin ka di an dianꞌad anɛ kunt yaarim, nɛ kuntnam. Bʋnvʋya sieba mɛ bɛ, ba yaꞌa bɛ kuꞌomin ba kɛ ka kuꞌom la pʋ an nyainnɛ.[59]

Kɔdaʋg kanɛ kuꞌom an nyain ka nidib nuud nananna anɛ Lake Baikal dinɛ bɛ Siberia bɛ Russia la maꞌaa.[60]

Piesʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Piesʋg anɛ suokanɛ ka ti dɔlisidi maan laꞌad nyain, saŋa pamm ɛɛnti anɛ kuꞌom nɛ kiꞌibʋ. Ti yaꞌa piesidi ti mɛŋ nɛ ti fuud saŋa wʋsa paꞌal ye ti bɛnɛ nyain ka na mɔr laafi.[61][62][63]

Nidib ɛɛnti nɔknɛ kiꞌibʋ bɛɛ Omo piesi ba laꞌad ka di yis kpaam bɛɛ dianꞌad banɛ bɛ laꞌad bɛɛ niŋgbiŋin la. Ba tunꞌe nɔk kiꞌibʋ la niŋ bɛɛ ba nɔk sappʋ sʋŋi pie.

Nidib piesidi bamɛŋ bɛɛ sʋʋd saŋsieba ka di anɛ pʋꞌʋsim bɛɛ tiꞌebʋg yɛla ka sieba mɛ nɔk ka di an diꞌema.[64] Fʋ yaꞌa paae Europe, ninsieba yaꞌa nyɛꞌɛ naae ba ɛɛnti pienɛ ba gbinvɔɔr ka ba pʋ duusid nɛ karata.[65] Tʋʋmkaŋa pɛꞌɛlnɛ zinꞌibanɛ an Catholic tɛmis la, zinꞌikanɛ ka ba gɔs ka kuꞌom an bʋnsʋŋkanɛ nar ye ba nɔki pie ba gbinvɔnya.[66]

Dinɛ ka nidib mɔr kuꞌom piesid naꞌana anɛ nuꞌus, tituunli anɛ ba yaꞌa ye ba pinꞌili dʋk bɛɛ di diib nɛ ba yaꞌa dʋg bɛɛ dii naae, ba yaꞌa keŋ bangida, ba yaꞌa zanl/ siꞌis laʋk kanɛ milik. Nuꞌus piesʋg anɛ sʋm bɔzugɔ di sʋŋidi guꞌud ka banꞌas pʋ widigid yɔɔg-yɔɔgɔ.[67][68] ti mɛ lɛm mɔr kuꞌom piesidi ti nindaas, dinɛ ka ti maan bɛʋgʋn ti yaꞌa duoe gbɛɛmin, bɛɛ ti yaꞌa bɔɔd ye ti niŋ maꞌae nintaŋ saŋa. Kuꞌom mɛ lɛn anɛ bʋnkanɛ ka ti mɔri piedi ti nyina ka di kɛ ka ti bɛ nyain ka mɔr laafi.

Ti mɛ piesidi ti fuud bɛɛ laꞌad nwɛnɛ gadʋg fuug, di tunꞌe an nɛ ti nuꞌus bɛɛ nasin kanɛ piesid fuud, ti mɔr kuꞌom piesid lɔɔm/ lɔnam, ti ɛɛnti sɔndig lɔr la nɛ kiꞌibʋ ka yʋꞌʋn nɔk kuꞌom sʋkʋ di ka di ka dianꞌad la yi ka di lieb nyain.

 Pies galisʋg mɛ tun'e kɛ ka zuobid la san'am, di tun'e kɔɔd, di mɛ tun'e kɛ ka niŋgbiŋ la gbirib.[69][70]

Diꞌema zinꞌig

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ninsaalib mɔr kuꞌom tʋmidi ba diꞌema tʋʋma, laꞌanɛ ninwisigir diꞌema nam wʋsa. Diꞌembama sieba anɛ lugʋb, miꞌib, mɔr aarʋŋ kat taaba, ba zɔt kuꞌokanɛ kilim bilɔk zug nɛ diꞌemsieba bɛdegʋ. Kɔldaad, muaꞌa nɛ kuꞌom zinꞌis anɛ zinꞌibanɛ ka nidib kennɛ vʋꞌʋsid, maan sumalism ka diꞌem. Ninsieba gɔs kuꞌokanɛ pʋbʋd ka di bʋgʋnnɛ ba sʋnya, ka mɛ an zinꞌikanɛ vɛnl ka nar nɛ duorʋm. Ninsieba mɛ kuꞌom ziꞌesig bibisi ba yaani suꞌad zimi nɛ kuꞌomin bʋnkɔnbsieba ye ba paꞌal ye ba anɛ dap, ka sieba maan diꞌema yɛla ka sieba mɛ nɔk bʋnkɔnb-ban ka baa an ba zuanam. Tensieba nii, nidib mɛ mɔr kuꞌom maan dinɛ an kuꞌokanɛ kilim bilɔk zug diꞌema, amaa Kusaal pʋ mɔr dinɛ.

Diib maalʋg

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Kuꞌom anɛ bʋnkanɛ an yil-yil ka ba mɔri dʋgʋt diib nwɛnɛ saꞌab, mui, bɛŋa nɛ dibanɛ kpɛlim wʋsa.[71] Suobanɛ ka ti mɔr kuꞌom dʋgʋd sieba anɛ fʋn na dʋg kuꞌomin la ka di lɛꞌɛg, fʋn na nɔk walim la dʋg nɛ sieba. Kuꞌom lɛn anɛ bʋnkanɛ ka ti mɔri piesid dʋgʋb laꞌad. Diib nam yɛla vɛɛnsʋg ni anɛ dinɛ ka kuꞌom tʋʋma zuꞌoe hali mɛn. laꞌabanɛ buoed kuꞌomin nwɛnɛ siki nɛ yaarim mɔr daʋŋ kuꞌom ni. Bʋmbama nɛ pɛbisim kɛ ka kuꞌom lɛꞌɛgir nɛ di maꞌar mɔr daʋŋ, ka teŋ la zi'esim mɛ tulugi mɔr daʋŋ din ni mɛn.

Kuꞌobanɛ pʋ nɔkid kiꞌibʋ naꞌanaꞌ la mɛ mɔr daʋŋ hali diib maalʋg ni ka tunꞌe tiaꞌas siꞌelnam bɛdegʋ, ka mɛ na nyaŋi tiak ka di dɔlisidnɛ ban na paas kɛmikal nam. Nɛꞌ tunꞌe tiak laʋk tɛbisim naanɛ aan siꞌem ka mɛ laꞌan sʋŋid maan zinꞌig nyain.[72] Kuꞌom kpiꞌeŋ pʋ dɔlisidnɛ calcium carbonate kanɛ ka kuꞌom la mɔri zɛm siꞌem.Kuꞌom yaꞌa mɔr CaCo3 ka di pʋ paae 100 mg/li (UK)[73] bɛɛ 60 mg/Li (US), di anɛ kuꞌobʋgʋsʋg.[74]

Vɛɛnsʋg kanɛ ka Water Footprint dim da maal yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piiga la yina paꞌal ye, naaf niꞌim kilogiram yinne maꞌaa na bɔɔd kuꞌom litanam ban tusa piinɛ nu (3.3×103 imp gal; 4.0×103 U.S. gal). Nɛ wala wʋsa vɛɛsidib la daa pianꞌ paꞌal nyain ye nɛꞌ anɛ dunia wʋsa gɛligir amaa yɛl sieba mɛ tunꞌe taꞌas ka di nar ye ba nɔk kuꞌom siꞌem bɛn maal naaf niꞌim.[75]

Tiim tʋʋma

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Kuꞌokanɛ ka ba mɔri kunsid nidib la bɛ World Health Organisation tima gbauŋ la ni.[76]

Ban pʋ si'em

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Band 5 ALMA receiver anɛ masin kanɛ ka ba mɔri ied bɛɛ baŋid kuꞌom bɛ zinꞌisiꞌa dunia wʋsa ni.

Dunia ni

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Dunia wʋsa kuꞌom la pamm yinɛ nwadibibis naamʋg nyaꞌaŋ laꞌad ni. Nwadibibis naamʋg ɛɛnti dɔlnɛ nɛ sisiꞌetitaꞌakanɛ daꞌad nɛ uusug. Laꞌabama wʋsa yaꞌa ti laꞌasi gilig nɛ pɛbisim la, nwiis banɛ naam la ɛɛnti muknɛ ka tʋlʋg pɛbisim la. Kuꞌokanɛ ka ti nyɛt la yʋꞌʋn ɛɛnti naamnɛ yi pɛbisim la tʋlʋg ka maꞌad la ni.[77]

Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ piinɛ yinne nwadisa ayɔpɔi la dabpisi nɛ yiꞌ daar la, labaar da yina ye ba nyɛnɛ saŋgbaʋŋ titaꞌakanɛ ziid kuꞌom walim ka di gat dunia wʋsa kuꞌom la nɔɔrʋm tiriliyɔnnam kɔbʋga nɛ pisnaasi. Vɛɛnsidib la paꞌal ye kuꞌom da pʋn dɛŋim bɛ dunia di pinꞌilʋg saŋa.[78][79]

Wada, pɔlitis nɛ tɔɔg saŋa.

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

Ku'om pɔlitis nwɛ'ɛb anɛ pɔlitis linɛ ka Ku'om nɛ Ku'om la'ad ta'as daʋŋ ken li ni na. Ku'om ni, kas-kas anɛ ku'okanɛ an nyain anɛ tʋʋma laʋk kanɛ paae dunia la wʋsa ni, ka lɛn an nimmua bʋn tis pɔlitis nwɛ'ɛb nɔgbannwa'asim. Li tisid laafi ka mɔr san'aʋŋ tisid bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ teŋin la.

Ku'onuurim sʋŋ linɛ ka ti nyɛti nuud la suoya yʋ'ʋn yɔ'ɔgi yadig paae dunia zin'is bɛdegʋ saŋa banɛ gaad la, amaa nidib wʋʋ tusa-tusa yinne la nam kpɛm bɛ ka nyɛt bɛɛ Paamid ku'onuurim sʋŋ nuura, ka nidib mɛ tʋʋg wʋʋ 2.5 million la ka pʋ nyɛt ku'onuurim linɛ an nyain ka sʋ'ʋlʋm la mɛ an nyain nɛ. Ala mɛn ka vɛɛnsidib sieba gɛlig lin ti ye paae yʋʋm 2025 ni la, ka dunia la pʋsʋk na nyɛt ku'osan'aʋŋ bɛɛ ku'odian'ad ka li zu'oe. Labaar da vɛɛnsʋgʋn na yʋʋm 2009 li nwadis awai la ni na ye, lin ti ye paae yʋʋm 20230 ni la ka dunia la sʋ'ʋlʋm titada ni ba na bɔɔd ku'om ka li gaad ban tisid Ku'om la wʋʋ 50% nɛ.

Nidib 1.6 million nyaŋi paam ku'onuurim sʋŋ yʋʋm 1990 la ni sa. Nidib bɛɛn banɛ bɛ tentitada banɛ nɔbigid ka paam suori nyɛ ku'onuurim sʋŋ nuud la, gɛligir pʋʋgin ba nɔbigi yi 30% yʋʋm 1970 la ni, ti paae 71%yʋʋm 1990 la ni, nɛ 79% yʋʋm 2000 la ni nɛ 84% yʋʋm 2004 la ni.

Na'asaateŋ labaar kanɛ da yi yʋʋm 2006 ni na la pa'al ye,"Ku'om zu'oe bɛdegʋ na paae sɔ' wʋsa", amaa ban na niŋ si'em ka paam la anɛ yɛl ka zam bɛɛ li ni. Linɛ lɛm paas anɛ ye sʋŋir linɛ yit dunia zin'is kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni na ye li sʋŋ ka ku'om paae tɛɛns, nwɛnnɛ paris nɔzi'elʋg kat wa'anɛ sʋŋir tʋʋma yɛla la nam pʋ di'e suor nɛ sʋŋir la'ad si'a yi Ku'om lʋgʋr la ni ka li nwɛnnɛ lin tʋm si'em bɛ gbaʋŋ zamisʋg lʋgʋrin nɛ nimma'asim lʋgʋrin laa, ka lɛɛ mɔri sʋŋir tʋm tʋʋmkʋda banɛ pʋn dɛŋim bɛ sa ka si'el pʋ ken tuon nɛ. Gbaʋŋ sɔbidib banɛ sɔb Ku'om nyain nɛ li mɔrim yɛla bɛ kuob nɛ gʋ'ʋl tʋʋma ni yʋʋm 2007 yɛl ye gɔmma pʋ tʋm bɛɛ zanl teŋ la sʋm la anɛ bʋn yinnɛ kanɛ ta'as ka ku'om pasig. Ku'om mɔrim anɛ suoya kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb banɛ ni ka pʋtɛn'ɛr gban'ad kat wa'ae nɛ Ku'om mɔrim yɛla. Ku'om mɔrim sʋŋ vikki anɛ a-mi'i suobanɛ tʋm sʋm zin'isieba nɛ tʋʋm sieba ni. Saŋa sieba bɛ ka ba maan gbɛlima sieba n mɔɔ ba nɔk "blueprint" linɛ tʋm tembanɛ pʋn nɔbig ni, ken tʋm tembanɛ nam nɔbigid la ni. Mekong mu'ar la anɛ tituunli; international water management lʋgʋr kanɛ gɔsid zi'ela bɛ tɛɛns ayuobʋ ni la mak Mekong mu'ar bɔɔd ku'om la baŋ ya ye, nyain nɛ teŋ sʋ'ʋŋa vɛɛnsʋg tʋʋm da tɔi nɛ. Ba mɛ da lɛm baŋ ye Cambodia ku'om wada la daa kpi'em nɛ gaad lin nar ye li an si'em la.

Yʋʋm 2004 ni, ka UK WaterAid dim da yɛl labaar ye biig kpiidnɛ mit 15 o ya'a nu ku'obɛ'ɛd linɛ ka ba na nyaŋi gu'u li la, lin ka ba kpɛlim pian'ad ye nyain bɛllim la kae la.

Din yi yʋʋm 2003 ni sa, UN world water development labaar kanɛ yi UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme lʋgʋrin na la, tis ninbanɛ na gban'e pʋtɛn'ɛr nɛ la'ad ye li sʋŋ maal ku'om wada la sʋ'ʋŋa. Yʋʋm 2023 labaar pa'al ye nidib tusa-tusa ayi' ( nidib la kallin ka li an 26%) pʋ Paamid ku'onuurim nuuda ka nidib 3.6 million (46%) an banɛ ka ba zin'is ka' nyain nɛ.

Gbanvɛɛnsa

[dɛmisim gbɛlima | dɛmisimi din yi zin'isiana]

 

  1. ↑ https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
  2. ↑ https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/10%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/10.02%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Water
  3. ↑ https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html
  4. ↑ https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth
  5. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288
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  7. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602522
  8. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169979
  9. ↑ Pepin RO (July 1991). "On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles". Icarus. 92 (1): 2–79. Bibcode:1991Icar...92....2P. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-s. ISSN 0019-1035.
  10. ↑ Zahnle KJ, Gacesa M, Catling DC (January 2019). "Strange messenger: A new history of hydrogen on Earth, as told by Xenon". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 244: 56–85. arXiv:1809.06960. Bibcode:2019GeCoA.244...56Z. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.09.017. ISSN 0016-7037. S2CID 119079927.
  11. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4413525
  12. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1225542
  13. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31109
  14. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4
  15. ↑ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&PSL.255....9C
  16. ↑ https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00793868/file/O%27Neil2012.pdf
  17. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4
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  19. ↑ https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/wuis-mss082620.php
  20. ↑ https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php
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  22. ↑ https://archive.today/20060621100255/http://wwwrses.anu.edu.au/admin/index.php?p=harrison
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  26. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood
  27. ↑ https://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html
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  29. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8
  30. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education
  31. ↑ https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html
  32. ↑ https://www.academia.edu/2230441
  33. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1142%2F8068
  34. ↑ https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology
  35. ↑ https://authors.library.caltech.edu/77104/6/nn.4575-S2.pdf
  36. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198570035
  37. ↑ https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924
  38. ↑ http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm
  39. ↑ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1441
  40. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011840/http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&id=MTYyNTA
  41. ↑ http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/peak_water_pnas.pdf
  42. ↑ https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm
  43. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Water_Management_in_Agriculture
  44. ↑ http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-05/958588306.An.r.html
  45. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070101100025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml
  46. ↑ https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000unse
  47. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1249%2F00005768-198506000-00012
  48. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%282005%2916%5B221%3AWIAPCD%5D2.0.CO%3B2
  49. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24899383
  50. ↑ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100823142929.htm
  51. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fijo.2011.130
  52. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859815
  53. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809630
  54. ↑ https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.112.055061
  55. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation
  56. ↑ https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6
  57. ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283
  58. ↑ https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho
  59. ↑ https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho
  60. ↑ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C
  61. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6600116
  62. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/23/well/live/shower-every-day.html
  63. ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15398285.2019.1710981
  64. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-630-2
  65. ↑ https://www.buysimplynatural.com/go-green-with-eco-friendly-cleaning-cloth/
  66. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721625973
  67. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/why-handwashing.html
  68. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070701082831/http://www.raiterclinic.com/health%20articles/cleanhands.html
  69. ↑ https://www.organicauthority.com/energetic-health/you-wash-your-hair-too-much
  70. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=1yKh_AT0UZwC&pg=SA6-PA13
  71. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=xZHUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA54
  72. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=iCCsvwZrguUC
  73. ↑ http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf
  74. ↑ https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html
  75. ↑ http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1.pdf
  76. ↑ http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1
  77. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics
  78. ↑ http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html
  79. ↑ http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html
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